Study On The Effective Components Of Ginseng Against Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by dementia,it manifests as cognitive impairment such as memory loss,uncontrolled behavior,and emotional disorders.At present,the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is not yet clear.Many hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease,including the theory of abnormalities of cholinergic neurons and the theory of oxidative stress,etc.Therefore,to explore the etiology and pathogenesis of AD and find drugs that can effectively prevent and treat AD has become a research hotspot in the medical community.Ginseng,as a valuable medicine in China,has been used for more than a thousand years in China,It has the characteristics of improving immunity,enhancing memory function and anti-aging.Statistical analysis found that ginseng is one of the first-choice drugs for the treatment of senile dementia in the compound.Therefore,based on the theory of cholinergic loss,this study screened the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(AChEI)which caused cholinergic damage caused by excessive AChE content in ginseng extract;screening of ginseng extracts protective against oxidative damage of SH-SY5 Y cells induced by glutamic acid(Glu)based on oxidative stress theory.Thus,the oligopeptides in ginseng can lay a material foundation for the treatment of AD.This article contains the following aspects:(1)The system solvent method was used to screen the different polar components of ginseng,aqueous extracts had good inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase(AChe),and aqueous extracts had a good protective effect on human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y).Therefore,the ginseng water extract was subjected to ultrafiltration grading,and the ultrafiltered components were again subjected to two activity comparisons.The results showed that the activity of less than 1KD component was the best;the gel column was used for separation and purification,and the structure was analyzed by LC-MS,obtained 2 types of oligopeptide structure.It is speculated that the primary structure of oligopeptide RS-1 is NH2-Leu-Pro-COOH or NH2-Ile-Pro-COOH;the primary structure of oligopeptide RS-2 is NH2-Phe-Pro-COOH or NH2-Pro-Phe-COOH.(2)Oligopeptides are the best active ingredients in the different components of ginseng water extract,and their contents are low.Therefore,the ginseng water extract is more than 10 KD components for enzymatic hydrolysis,using the common six kinds of proteases to select the optimum protease and the best enzymatic hydrolysis process.The result was pepsin.The optimum process was pH 2.0,enzyme bottom ratio 4%,enzymolysis temperature 40°C,and time 5h.Enzymatic hydrolysis of more than 10 KD components with optimal process,and ultrafiltration classification of hydrolysates.Oligopeptides obtained from natural oligopeptides and the best enzymolysis process were compared for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cytoprotective activity against human neuroblastoma cells.The results show,enzymatic oligopeptide activity is significantly higher than that of natural oligopeptides,therefore,it is presumed that the activity of ginseng is increased due to the increase of oligopeptides after proteolysis.(3)Using principal component analysis(PCA),partial least squares(PLS),and grey relational analysis(GRA)to process the obtained common amino acid peak data,can effectively distinguish the different ginseng production areas.The amino acid components with potential anti-AChE activity and SH-SY5 Y cytoprotective activity were screened out.According to PCA,Arg,Thr,and Ala are the top three markers that have a significant impact on the origin of differences.According to GRA,Arg,Ala,Glu,Tyr,Gly,Thr,Pro,Val,and Phe are associated with AChE inhibitory activity greater than 0.8.The correlation between SH-SY5Y-injured cytoprotective activity greater than 0.8 is Ala,Arg,Glu,Tyr,Gly,Val,Thr,Pro,and Phe.By PLS,Thr and Leu had a positive correlation effect on AChE inhibitory activity,and Thr,Ala and Leu had a positive correlation effect on SH-SY5 Y cell protective activity.Considering AChE inhibitory activity and SH-SY5Y-induced cytoprotective activity,threonine(Thr)and leucine(Leu)may have potential anti-senile dementia activity.(4)12 samples of different sources of ginseng were analyzed by HPLC to establish a fingerprint of the ginseng water extract less than 1 KD components.The similarity of the ginseng of different sources of ginseng is less than 1KD and the control pattern is above 0.9,It shows that the chemical components in the common peaks of the extracts are stable,which provides a theoretical basis for the later development of quality standards for oligopeptide drugs that treat Alzheimer's disease.