Preliminary Study On Different Drying Methods And Steaming Quality Of Ginseng

Ginseng,the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey,is a traditional precious Chinese medicine.It is often collected in autumn and stored after washing and drying.CG is theartificial planting ginseng which has short growth period and rapid weight increment.Generally speaking,Most of CG is harvested after 4-7 years.The fresh ginseng process into white ginseng and red ginseng after sun drying and steaming.The white ginseng and red ginseng have different clinical effect:the white ginseng is good at nourishing the fluid,the red ginsng is expert in nourishing qi to stop bleeding.Objectives:1.Study on the components of red ginseng and establish the accurate,simple method for the determination of the common ginsenosides,the rare ginsenosides and the maltol in red ginseng only.Select the characteristic components to evaluate and control the quality of red ginseng.2.Determinate the sugar composition of ginseng samples in freeze-drying,forced air drying,red ginseng under high temperature steaming system and ordinary steaming system,which include the reducing sugar,water-soluble polysaccharide and total polysaccharides,to exploring the processing principle of red ginseng.3.Identification of ginseng in different drying methods and different steaming processing using LC-oa-TOF MSE with a multivariate statistical sample profiling strategy,to illustrating the chemistry component change in different processing ginseng.4.Using near infrared spectroscopy technology to identifying the different drying methods of ginseng and different steaming processing of red ginseng samples,which can provide the basis for ginseng industrialized production and quality of production.5.Optimization the red ginseng processing by the evaluation indexes,such as the components and appearance characters.Methods:1.High performance liquid chromatographic method was used for determining the common ginsenoside Re,Rg1,Rb1,Rf,Rg2,Rc,Rb2,Rb3 of red ginseng samples.Chromatographic condition:Agilent Zobrax SB-C18,(4.6x250mm,5?m),mobile phase:acetonitrile(A)and water(B),the flow rate:1ml/min,the total run time was 100 min,and the injection volume was 10?L,detector wavelength:203nm,column temperature:30?.High performance liquid chromatographic method was used for determining the rare ginsenosed Rg3,Rh2 of red ginseng samples.Chromatographic condition:Agilent Zobrax SBC18,(4.6 x 250 mm,5 ?m),mobile phase:acetonitrile(A)and water(B),the flow rate:1ml/min,the total run time was 65 min,and the injection volume was 10?L,detector wavelength:203nm,column temperature:30?.High performance liquid chromatographic method was used for determining the maltol of red ginseng samples.Chromatographic condition:Agilent Zobrax SB-C18,(4.6 x 250 mm,5?m),mobile phase:methanol(A)and 0.1%formic acid-water(B),the flow rate:1ml/min,the total run time was 15 min,and the injection volume was 20?L,detector wavelength:276 nm,column temperature:30?.2.Using phenol-sulfuric acid spectrophotometry method to determine the contents of reducing sugar,water soluble polysaccharide and total polysaccharide in different ginseng processed products.3.Identification of ginseng in different drying methods using LC-oa-TOF MSE with a multivariate statistical sample profiling strategy,to illustrating the chemistry component change in different drying method.The LC separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC system with an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(100mm×2.1mm,1.7?m).The column temperature was set at 40?.The flow rate was kept at 400 ?L/min.Mobile phase A was water with 0.1%formic acid,and mobile phase B was acetonitrile.The total run time was 29 min,and the injection volume was 2 ?L.The ionization mode was positive electrospray(ESI+).The source temperature was set at 120?,and the desolvation temperature was set at 350? with desolvation gas flow set at 480.0 L/h.The lock mass compound used was leucine enkephaline.The capillary voltage was set at 3.0 kV.The cone voltage was set at 20 V.Identification of red ginseng in different steaming processing using LC-oa-TOF MSE with a multivariate statistical sample profiling strategy,to illustrating the chemistry component change in different processing method.The LC separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC system with an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(100mm×2.1mm,1.7?m).The column temperature was set at 40?.The flow rate was kept at 400 ?L/min.Mobile phase A was water with 0.1%formic acid,and mobile phase B was acetonitrile with 0.1%formic acid.The total run time was 25 min,and the injection volume was 2 ?L.The ionization mode was negative electrospray(ESI-).The source temperature was set at 110?,and the desolvation temperature was set at 500? with desolvation gas flow set at 600.0 L/h.The lock mass compound used was leucine enkephaline.The capillary voltage was set at 2.2 kV.The cone voltage was set at 35 V.4.Qualitative analysis of gingseng in different drying method and different steam method by NIR.Including collection of original spectra,optimization of spectral regions,optimization the main factors,selection spectral preprocessing methods,utilization of principal component analysis and combination of Mahalanobis distance discriminant analysis method or partial least square method to establish the optimal model respectively.5.Explore the components and appearance of red ginseng,which influenced by the steamed number and drying temperature,to optimize the steam processing technology.Result:1.Research shows that the HPLC has been established the 8 common ginsenosides,2 rare ginsenosides and maltol for quantitative analysis.The method was accurate,stable and good linear relationship in certain concentration range.The precision and repeatability of the method were less than 2%,and the average recovery rate and RSD value were all in line with the requirements.The sum of 8 ginsenosides in freeze-drying ginseng,forced air drying ginseng,ordinary steamed red ginseng and high temperature steamed red ginseng were 0.918%,2.238%,4.223%and 0.412%,respectively.Rare ginsenoside and maltol were only detected in red ginseng.2.The content of reducing sugar in different samples was determined by phenol sulfuric acid spectrophotometry method,the sample reproducibility were good and stable in 6h.The average recovery was 98.53%,RSD=2.05%(n=6).The results showed that reducing sugar in freeze-drying ginseng,forced air drying ginseng and ordinary steamed red ginseng,high temperature steamed red ginseng were 13.46%,28.33%,28.97%and 27.78%,respectively.The water soluble polysaccharide in freeze-drying ginseng,force air drying ginseng and ordinary steamed red ginseng,high temperature steamed red ginseng were 35.41%,48.68%,45.41%and 44.12%,respectively.The total polysaccharide in freeze-drying ginseng,forced air drying ginseng and ordinary steamed red ginseng,high temperature steamed red ginseng were 75.05%,71.92%,66.48%and 60.84%,respectively.3.Based on the combination of liquid mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis,the differences from chemical composition of ginseng samples in different drying methods and red ginseng sample in different steaming process were studied.The content of butyl phthalate in freezing dried ginseng was higher,and the content of linolenic acid in the blowing dried ginseng was higher.The red ginseng steamed in ordinary temperature have many common ginsenosides,such as ginsenoside Re,Rb1,Rb2,Rg1.The red ginseng steamed in high temperature have many rare ginsenosides,such as ginsenoside Rg3,Rg5,Rh1,Rk1.4.We used near infrared spectroscopy to qualitative identification analysis the ginseng in different drying methods and red ginseng with different steamed samples,respectively.The results showed that in the model of ginseng samples by different drying method,the recognition rate and prediction rate reached 100%,best scanning part was at the lower part of the main root,performance index was 94.1%.In the model of red ginseng samples of different steaming processing,the recognition rate and prediction rate reached 100%,best scanning part was at the lower part of the main root,and the performance index was 95.6%.5.In the processing of red ginseng,the steam number and the drying temperature were directly related to the internal and external quality.So these are the fatal factors to control the quality of red ginseng.The result showed that the maltol in red ginseng drying at 50 ?,60?,70?,80? and steamed in two,three,four times were 0.0099%,0.0124%,0.0127%,0.0245%,0132%,0.0230%,0.0120%,respectively.The ginsenoside Rg3 in red ginseng drying at 50?,60?,70?,80? and steamed in two,three,four times were 0.014%,0.017%,0.017%,0.019%,0.065%,0.084%and 0.173%,respectively.The ginsenoside Rh2 in red ginseng drying at 50?,60?,70?,80? and steamed in two,three,four times were 0.112%,0.108%,0.108%,0.108%,0.109%,0.126%and 0.127%,respectively.The sum of 8 ginsenosides in red ginseng drying at 50?,60?,70?,80? and steamed in two,three,four times were 1.51 1%,1.651%,1.518%,2.259%,2.021%,1.329%and 0.867%,respectively.Conclusion:1.High performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry can be used to establish a stable and reliable method for the determining the chemical components in different samples of ginseng.In the view of ginsenosides,the 8 ginsenosides of freeze drying ginseng,forced air drying ginseng,ordinary steamed red ginseng and high temperature steamed red ginseng exist obviously difference.It showed that prototype ginsenoside of malonyl forms can lose the malonyl generate the corresponding ginsenoside in the processing process,and the common ginsenoside can change into the rare ginsenoside by the hydrolysis occur in the processing.In additionally,Maillard reaction occurred in the process of ginseng steamed not only produced a peculiar components in red ginseng,but also affect the transformation of ginsenoside.2.The phenol sulfuric acid method is accurate,sensitive and reliable,and can be used to determine the content of reducing sugar,water soluble polysaccharide and total polysaccharide in ginseng samples.Compared with the freeze drying ginseng,reducing sugar and water soluble polysaccharide contents in forced air drying ginseng and steamed red ginseng were significantly increased.However,the total sugar content decreased significantly.It can be seen that different processing methods have a great influence on the exist form of the sugar components in ginseng samples.3.The effects of different drying methods on the chemical composition of ginseng were studied by means of the combination of liquid mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis.The content change focuse on the volatile components in the freeze drying ginseng and forced air drying ginseng.As applying the same method to the red ginseng in different steaming processing,we discovered the common ginsenoside can transfer the rare ginsenoside in the high temperature.4.Near infrared spectroscopy technology was used to establish the qualitative identification model of ginseng in different drying methods and different steaming processing of red ginseng samples.This method achieve the purpose of rapid and nondestructive identification,promote the ginseng industrialized production and quality production.5.Maillard reaction was mainly occurred in the steaming processing of red ginseng,a complex reaction in the the amino acid and carbohydrate,resulting in the characteristic component of maltol and ginsenoside Rg3,Rh2 in red ginseng.Selecting the right steam times and drying temperature by studying the components and the appearance of red ginseng,further to optimize the red ginseng processing and improve the quality of red ginseng.