| Shennong Bencao Jing is an insurmountable literature in the study of Materia Medica,it is the core content of the continuous developed Materia Medica books.The standardized name style of Shennong Bencao Jing laid the framework for the later Materia Medica books,such as BenCao Jing JiZhu,New Materia Medica,ZhengLei BenCao,and Compendium of Materia Medica.Until today,we can still see the name framework influence of Shennong Bencao Jing on pharmaceutical books such as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.According to the research,Shennong Bencao Jing was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty.The author of this book is officers in the government called"Bencaodaizhao".In this book,365 kinds of medicines were recorded.Each medicine was recorded in a standardized way,including the most common used names of medicines,other names of medicines,wuwei(five flavors),siqi(four properties),toxicity,indications,efficacy,growth environment,harvest and Qiqing(seven conditions of ingredients in prescriptions)were recorded in order.The recorded form of the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing reflects the characteristics of the herb names,that is,one kind of medicine,has many names and many medicines,have one name.The existence of this phenomenon brings difficulty to the research of herbal medicines,especially the research of the names of the medicine in unearthed literature.Since the 1970s,the medical literature in the unearthed literature has reached a certain amount,and there are many medicine names that need to be studied and explained.In the process of studying and interpreting the names of these medicines,we must refer to the relevant records in the handed down literature,and Shennong Bencao Jing is the most commonly used reference book.Because Shennong Bencao Jing is the most similar to the unearthed documents in the handed down documents,and Shennong Bencao Jing is the earliest surviving Materia Medica book with standardized medicine synonyms.Research purposes:1.Through collating and analyzing the synonymous names of medicines in Shennong Bencao Jing,understanding the naming basis of medicines will provide a certain reference for us to understand the medical thoughts in the pre-Qin and Qin-Han periods.2.Shennong Bencao Jing is the closest to the Qin and Han literatures unearthed.The collation and analysis of the synonyms and synonyms of the medicines can provide materials for the interpretation of the excavated literatures.At the same time,the names of medicines unearthed in the Qin and Han literatures can also provide valuable materials for us to re-understand the medicines in the Shennong Bencao Jing and examine the date when the Shennong Bencao Jing was written.3.By comparing the names of traditional Chinese medicines in the unearthed Qin and Han literature,the names of the medicines in Shennong Bencao Jing,and the names of traditional Chinese medicines in the mainstream herbal books after Shennong Bencao Jing,we can speculate that the role of the Shennong Bencao Jing in the specification of meidicine names.To provide a reference for understanding the value of the book Shennong Bencao Jing from the perspective of medicine names.Research methods:1.The Dual Evidence Method:Adopting the method of mutual verification between the "underground new material" and ancient records as advocated by Mr.Wang Guowei.The medicine names in the unearthed Qin and Han documents were compared with the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing.2.Examination and exegesis of literature collation:The medicine names in the unearthed Qin and Han documents and the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing are combined with historical literature and existing research to carry out collation and interpretation.3.Statistical inductive comparison method:The drug names in the unearthed Qin and Han literature and the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing were analyzed separately,and their similarities and differences were analyzed,and the Shennong Bencao Jing and the unearthed Qin and Han literature were compared from the perspective of drug names.To explain the role of Shennong Bencao Jing in the specification of medicine names,and provide supporting evidence for the time when the Shennong Bencao Jing was written.Research results:The research results of this paper mainly include the following three parts:1.Analysis of the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing.This content consists of 2 parts:the general introduction of the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing and the origin of these medicine names.The first part mainly explains the layout of medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing,and counts the number and the ratio of all kinds of medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing.It comes out that more than 82%of the medicine in Shennong Bencao Jing have two or more names.The second part mainly expounds the origin of medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing.It can be divided into two types:names that were first given and the names after spreading.Names that were first given came from the characteristics of the medicine itself,such as its shape,color,flavor,taste,and texture,also including the locality and the growth environment of the medicine,the function of the medicine,the application part,cultivation,collection,processing and identification of the medicine,commemoration or legend,dialect,or pronunciation.The spreading process can also affect the medicine names,such as the similar font and sound,change of common used words,avoid taboos,etc.can change the original name of the medicine.Through this part of the study,we can understand the ancients' ideas of analogy,direct and good use of metaphors when naming medicine,and also understand the various changes of the medicine names during the spreading process.Understanding of these factors can help us understand the historical factors in the formation of the medicine names system of Shennong Bencao Jing.2.A comparative analysis of the names of medicine in unearthed literatures of the Qin and Han dynasties with the names of medicine in Shennong Bencao Jing.This section selects 10 unearthed literature of Qin and Han dynasties with more medicine names that are published.The comparison results are divided into three categories:1.they are exactly the same as the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing.2.they are related but not identical.3.they are not related.Among them,the parts that are related but not identical are relatively large,which is also the main part of analysis.After statistical analysis of these three types of data,we come to conclude as follow:The relationships between the names of the medicine in Li Ye Qin Bamboo Slips,Zhou Jiatai Qin Bamboo Slips,WuShiErBingFang,YangShengFang,FangNeiJi,Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips WanWu,Dunhuang Han Bamboo Slips,Juyan Han Bamboo Slips,Juyan New Bamboo Slips,and Wuwei Medical Bamboo Slips with medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing has clearly shown a certain trend of change.Although we can't determine the complete time of each book,it can be seen from the trend that the later these 10 unearthed literature were written,the higher the frequency(proportion)of the medicine names related to Shennong Bencao Jing in the unearthed literature and the higher the similarity of the medicine names,the higher the proportion of Shennong Bencao Jing medicine formal names appeared in the unearthed literature,by the contrast,the lower proportion of the other names appeared.This shows that the medicine names in Shennong Bencao Jing reflect the characteristics of the time.The medicine names in the directory of Shennong Bencao Jing should be the names of the medicine used at high frequencies at the time,and their generality is higher than that of the other names that were recorded in the book.3.14 medicines in Shennong Bencao Jing were chosen,they were compared to the unearthed Qin and Han literature and analyzed.The names in the unearthed literature,names in Shennong Bencao Jing,and names in handed down literature are compared together.Through the comparison of the three,try to find the ins and outs of the medicine names,and try to explain the important role played by Shennong Bencao Jing in the standardization of the medicine names.At the same time,this section also shows that the unearthed literature has important value in the research of the complete time of Shennong Bencao Jing,also helps explain the origin of the medicine names and the investigation of the history of the medicine.Although we can only infer the date,the author,writing purpose,and value of Shennong Bencao Jing today through research,we believe that with the discovery and publication of more unearthed literature,more related materials will be excavated and used in research.The original appearance of Shennong Bencao Jing will gradually become clearer,and its status and role in the history of Materia Medica standardization will be better known to the world. |
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