Associations Of Dietary B Vitamins Intakes With Depression In Adults

Objective:In the human body,B vitamins（vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin,vitamin B6,and vitamin B12）are essential micronutrients for maintaining cell growth and development as well as normal metabolism.At present,there are few studies with controversial results on the relationships between intakes of B vitamins and depression.To analyze the associations between dietary B vitamins and depression,this cross-sectional study used the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey（NHANES）.Methods:The participants from 4 two-year cycles of NHANES（2007-2008,2009-2010,2011-2012,2013-2014）were included in this study.Information for demographic and social characteristics,physical indicators,lifestyle,health-related of the subjects were acquired through interviews and examinations by highly trained technicians.Nutrient intake data were from review questionnaires.The state of depression was assessed by a nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire（PHQ-9）,and people with PHQ-9 score≥10 were diagnosed with depression.When comparing the baseline data of people with PHQ-9≥10（depression group）and those with PHQ-9<10（non-depression group）,if the characteristic variables were continuous variables and the distribution was normal,we used Student’s t-tests test for comparison,if the distribution was not normal,we used Mann-Whitney U tests for comparison,and we used Chi-Square tests for categorical variables.To analyze the associations between B vitamins and depression,the data were first weighted and then included in three Logistic regression models respectively.The three Logistic regression models were the crude model without adjusting any confounders,model 1 adjusted for age and gender,and model 2 adjusted for multiple confounders.To investigate whether the associations were different across genders or age groups,we stratified the results by gender and age.Restricted cubic spine models were used to further explore the dose-response relationships between B vitamins and depression.Artificial Neural Networks（ANN）were used to rank the importance of major risk factors for depression.Results:A total of 17,732 adults（8,623 males and 9,109 females）aged 18 and older were included in this study.Among them,1,635 cases（9.22%）were diagnosed with depression by PHQ-9.In the univariate and age-and gender-adjusted model,the intakes of vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin,vitamin B6,and vitamin B12 were all inversely associated with depression.In the model 2,the intakes of vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin,vitamin B6,and vitamin B12 were also inversely associated with depression.Compared with the lowest quartile（Q1）of vitamin B1 intake,the odd ratio（OR）with 95%confidence interval（CI）was0.64（0.50-0.82）for the highest quartile（Q4）of vitamin B1.The ORs were 0.78（95%CI:0.61-0.99）and 0.78（95%CI:0.62-0.97）for the third（Q3）and highest quartile（Q4）of vitamin B2.The ORs were 0.70（95%CI:0.55-0.88）,0.74（95%CI:0.58-0.94）and 0.60（95%CI:0.47-0.78）for the second（Q2）,third（Q3）and highest quartile（Q4）of niacin,respectively.The Q3 and Q4 of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 were also associated with depression inversely,the ORs were 0.54（95%CI:0.44-0.66）and 0.65（95%CI:0.50-0.84）,and 0.73（95%CI:0.57-0.95）and 0.71（95%CI:0.54-0.95）,severally.Compared to those below the RDA（Recommended Dietary Allowance）,participants who met the RDA for vitamin B1（OR:0.68;95%CI:0.56-0.84）,niacin（OR:0.65;95%CI:0.51-0.81）,vitamin B6（OR:0.65;95%CI:0.52-0.81）and vitamin B12（OR:0.65;95%CI:0.48-0.88）had significantly lower risk of depression.In the restricted cubic spline,we found a nonlinear dose-response relationship of vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin,vitamin B6,and vitamin B12intakes with depression(p_nonlinearity<0.05).The ANN prediction model found that energy-adjusted vitamin B6 intake had the greatest impact on the risk of depression,followed by energy-adjusted vitamin B1 intake,energy-adjusted vitamin B12 intake,energy-adjusted vitamin B2 intake and energy-adjusted niacin intake.Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that higher dietary intakes of vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin,vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 may be associated with a reduced risk of depression.