The Double-line Evolution Theory To The Construction Of Modern Nation-a Study To The Fete Ceremonies Of The Emperors Of Ming Dynasty In 1912-1916

The common political identification among the ethnic groups makes the modern nation different form the traditional nation which more concentrates on racial and cultural identifications.In the case of China,the construction of modern nation began in the Revolution of 1911.In general,the academia has reached a consensus that the authorities of the Republic of China modernized the nation identification by adopting the fundamental policy so-called Republic of Five Races.Such a crucial process was intended to ease the ethnic tensions since the Qing Dynasty collapsed,and furthermore,to build up a new nation adjust to the democratic regime.The scholars are customary to generalize this process with a single-linear evolution theory:Expeling Manchu?Republic of Five Races?Chinese Nation.This thesis argues with the theory by analyzing the ceremonies aimed at commemorating the emperors of Ming Dynasty,which were held by Sun Yat-sen and Yunnan provincial government during 1912-1916.These ceremonies seemed to be contradictory against the democracy to some extent.As a matter of fact,the purpose of the Republican launched a series of ceremonies was ulterior:advocating the Han Supremacy doctrine,meanwhile resisting the principle of Republic of Five Races.According to above observation,the author comes up with a double-line evolution theory to describe the route of forming the modern nation instead of the single-linear theory that accepted by current academics.This thesis consists of introduction and five chapters.The introduction reviews the relative studies form the Republic of China era to present,and then points out the defects in these works.Chapter One refers to the historical slogan "overthrow the Qing empire and rebuild the Ming empire" as an essential concept that meld with the revolution context via the Republician's reinterpretation.This action thus bred the phenomenon of Ming Dynasty worship while the republic was founded.Chapter Two is a case analysis about the movement meant to "recover the Ming style dress".It indicates the Ming Dynasty worship has an inherent monarchy characteristic.Chap ter Three and Four are the core parts of this thesis.By analyzing the causes and effects about the fete ceremonies of the emperors of Ming Dynasty held by central and local governments,it shows the fact that the Han Supremacy doctrine was regarded as a paradigm to form the modern nation,on the other hand,it had side-effect of Yuan Shi-kai's coup to restore the monarchy.Chapter Five points out the fluctuation to popular impression between the Republic of Five Race principle and the Han Supremacy doctrine that the former was being boycotted and the latter was arosing.Base on this situation,the author concludes the evolution route of constructing the modern nation obeys double-lineral but not the single-lineral.