| After the Qing army entered the Shanhai Pass in1644,the Qing Dynasty began to embark on the stage of history and achieved national unity.In the aim of strengthening centralization,the Qing Dynasty had always taken a joint approach to its relationships with Mongolia.For example,the marital connections between Manchu and Mongolian,an in-law relationship which greatly promoted ethnic harmony and reinforced the rule of Mongolia.And in the management of Mongolia,the Qing government's polices were constantly adjusting and changing.Initially,the government practiced the prohibition policy to the Mongolian area,forbidding and obstructing the Hans to migrate into the region.Later,with the influx of the Hans,the policy was eased.In 1902,the Qing government changed its policy and permitted or even encouraged the Hans to head for the local area to reclaim the wasteland.Then large scale land reclamation began to appear.This phenomenon had a major impact on Mongolia,the three banners of Zhaowuda League were no exception.Social life,mode of production and administrative institutions had all undergone tremendous changes.This had accelerated the modernization of the region,and also caused a series of changes in the natural and social environment.With the historical materials combined and interpreted of the Zhaowuda League,this article aims to further explain the free cultivation in the region.The article is divided into three chapters.The first chapter introduces the free cultivation in Mongolian area in the Northeast China in the end of Qing Dynasty.This chapter is divided into two parts.These two parts are about the background and the status of free cultivation.The background involves all aspects and needs to be taken into deep consideration.Furthermore,the distance between Northeast Mongolia and the three banners of Zhaowuda League was relatively short and the two regions possessed similar natural conditions such as climate and hydrologic conditions.Therefore,the geographic location of Northeast Mongolia was superior.To explain with more details,the situation of Northern Mongolia will be further discussed because this area was inseparably linked with the free cultivation in the three banners of Zhaowuda League.The second chapter is about the situation of free cultivation in the three banners at the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China.The natural conditions and the administrative systems will be firstly introduced.The three banners described in this article: Bahrian left Banner,Bahrian Right banner,and Arukulqin Banner are closely linked in geography,making Zhaowuda League more representative in free cultivation.Then the free cultivation in Mongolian area of the three banners will be discussed from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Early Republic of China.Detailed historical materials will be used to accurately described the situation of free cultivation in Mongolian area in this period of time.The third chapter is mainly about the influence and consequence of the three banners' free cultivation.The research will start from the changes in the natural ecological environment,population growth and changes in the management system,as well as the intensification of social contradictions and the diversification of social life.The natural environment is mainly about the change of the natural ecological environment;The changes in the population growth and management system are mainly about the increase in the number of the population and the changes in the administrative system;The pluralism of the social life is about the diversification of religious forms and changes in the customs of life.It also involves changes in land relations and intensified land disputes.To start research on these issues,we can look at the subjective and objective phenomena of the three banners in a more meticulous way.The conclusion part is the summary and sublimation of the full text,which further highlights the main purpose of this article---taking the road of sustainable development. |
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