Study On The National Disaster Relief Cause Of The Rise And Fall Of The Qing Dynasty

Chinese ancient society has been plagued by disasters and famine.It is the responsibility and obligation of successive rulers to protect people's livelihood.The Qing Dynasty is no exception.Since the Qing troops took over the Shanhai Pass,the emperors of the Qing dynasty paid more attention to the national economy and the people's livelihood,and they were able to do good things,benefit the people,relieve the disaster,and support the people.The early years of the Qing Dynasty is the exploration and start-up period of national disaster relief,during which the institutional construction has not yet started and the implementation of the national disaster relief mainly depends on the cooperation both the supreme ruler and local governors.Local and folk participation is obviously insufficient.Under the joint efforts of the national,local and folk,Qianlong emperor is at the peak of national disaster relief with brilliant success such as peaceful state,industrious ruler and constantly perfect system of disaster relief.The grain reserved in ever-normal granary,charitable granary,public granary is growing in abundance and free relief,low price relief and paid relief loan can coexist.Since the mid Qing Dynasty,with worsening national political environment,corrupt bureaucrats,inefficient government institutions and serious deficit of three granaries,disaster relief declined right after flourish.Jiaqing,Daoguang period is a continuation of the national disaster relief work which still can maintain the operation.However,it was on the wane by the late Qing Dynasty.The disaster relief of his period has following characteristics.Political call,reward and promotion being the main driving force,promoted actively by local governors,the run mode of gentry assistance and the color of retreats.At this time,although the national disaster relief was of a little help for the maintenance of social stability and the continuation of dynasty,the national disaster relief system suffered damage,reflecting the decline of national governance capacity.The national disaster relief of Qing Dynasty has played a positive role in alleviating the burden of the people,restoring agricultural production and maintaining social stability and other aspects,but still has its inevitable defects.The first is the petty officials corruption,which is not only a unsolved issue during the Qing Dynasty but also during the long history of China.The fundamental reason is the lack of long-term supervision mechanism for grass-roots society.The second is that the national disaster relief was still under the influence of Qing Dynasty political ecology and fail to escape the endless loop of the rise and fall of thedynasty.Disaster relief is on the upgrade when the nation has no corruption and implements effective supervision.But when the national political environment appears deterioration,bureaucrats show corruption and no supervision,disaster relief will inevitably decline.