Modern Zhili Business Education Research (1903-1927)

With the advancement of education reform in the late Qing Dynasty,modern business education began to receive the attention of the people.In January 1904,the Guimao school system issued by the Qing government marked the formal integration of the industrial education with agriculture and commerce as the main part of the system of education.Business education is an important part of industrial education.This paper divides business education in modern Zhili into two stages: the founding period of 1903-1911 and the period of further development from 1912-1927.After the change of the Gengzi,Zhili suffered the destruction of the imperialist powers,the social depression,and the economic stagnation.As the country's first-minded area,Zhili,under the background of the "commercial warfare" and "learning war",the merchants cultivated by the traditional apprenticeship system could not meet the needs of social and economic development at that time.With the attention of local officials and enlightened businessmen,business schools began to be established,and new business education emerged and developed.By 1909,the number of business schools run by Zhili was among the highest in the country,and a series of social activities that inspired business intelligence were launched.The beginning of the Republic of China,the Ministry of Education promulgated new educational laws and regulations,and promulgated the "Nonzi Gui" school system in 1922.The development trend of commercial schools in this period was generally good.The business schools set up by local governments,businessmen and churches show their unique characteristics in terms of funding sources,teacher sources,student sources and graduation conditions,curriculum setting,management system and internal management,teaching environment,and actively set about establishing business education in society.It has played an important role in cultivating specialized talents for the social economy and promoting the dissemination of business knowledge.Simultaneously,due to the turbulence of modern political situation and the limited funds,the commercial education in Zhili in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China also had some limitations.By discussing the commercial education in Zhili,this paper tries to more comprehensively sort out the development of commercial education in Zhili,reflecting its profile and characteristics in the context of a particular era,and sums up the experience and lessons.It aims to draw on and promote the current business schools.