On The Operation And Defensive Operations Of Humen Coastal Fortress

The construction of humen fortress has experienced many periods,from the beginning of nanshan fortress in the 56 th year of the reign of emperor kangxi,through the preliminary formation of jiaqing and daoguang,to the reconstruction during the two opium wars,to the true modernization of western fortress in the 16 th year of the reign of emperor guangxu,and finally to the final reconstruction of humen fortress in the republic of China.During this period,humen fortress experienced the baptism of the opium war,the second opium war and the war of resistance against Japan.Through the test of war after war,humen fortress also gradually improved its deficiencies in the construction.The role of humen fortress in the three wars was vastly different.First of all,in the first opium war,the outmoded equipment and the idea of building fortresses led to the failure of the war.Before the second opium war,the qing government summed up the lessons of the failure of the opium war and reconstructed humen fortress.After the failure of the two opium wars,the qing government began to learn from the western advanced fortress building concept,and built humen fortress into the world's most advanced coastal defense fortress during the reign of emperor guangxu.After the establishment of the republic of China,the fortress was expanded on the basis of the building of humen fortress in the late qing dynasty.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,humen fortress withstood the attack of the superior forces of the Japanese navy and air force with its powerful firepower.For the defense of guangzhou city has played an important role.Through the baptism of the three wars,we can see the importance of humen fortress in the war against the invaders.Clausewitz introduced that the functions of the fortress are mainly composed of eleven parts,and humen fortress also has these functions.Humen fortress served as a secure warehouse and barracks.In the process of construction,as rear depots and barracks,they paid attention to the protection of materials.In the early qing dynasty,humen fortress had paid attention to the construction of arms depots in the forts to store munitions,and the construction of barracks for garrisons to serve as barracks.In the period of westernization movement,humen fortress added watchtower,signal building,railway,kitchen,mine bureau,gun room,military uniform room,etc.The humen fortress was built to keep the wealthy city safe.Humen is the gateway of guangzhou and the south gate of guangzhou.It was also the only port open to the outside world in the early qing dynasty.It had the most frequent contact with western countries and its foreign trade was more prosperous.It was one of the richest cities in the qing dynasty.Humen fortress is a defensive fortress and is used to defend rivers and mountains.Forts can block roads and coastal forts can block rivers and seaports;Humen fortress can be used as a refuge for weaker or defeated troops.In September1937,during a defensive battle in humen fortress,two Chinese warships encountered Japanese warships while patrolling the ocean.Due to the great disparity in strength,Chinese warships were forced to flee to humen fortress and managed to avoid danger.Humen fortress can be used as a real shield against enemy attacks.In one year from1937 to 1938,humen fortress stopped at least eight large-scale Japanese attacks and successfully completed the task of protecting guangzhou.