On The Construction And Defense Operations Of The Coastal Defense Fortress Of Lvshun In The Late Qing Dynasty

At present,the academic research on Lvshun Fortress lacks systematic and holistic attention.The existing works and papers can be divided into three categories.The first is to discuss the construction of China's coastal defense as a whole;the second is to study the Sino-Japanese War and the War between Japan and Russia;the third is to study the construction of Lvshun Military Port from 1880 to 1890.Generally speaking,there are very few works on the study of Lvshun Fortress combined with specific war practices or with the overall layout of China's coastal defense construction.This paper takes Lvshun as a whole,combines with the background of the late Qing Dynasty,and uses military theory to analyze the gains and losses of Chinese people's management of Lvshun in the past hundreds of years.The effect of the construction of the coastal defense fortress in Lvshun must be tested by war.In the late Qing Dynasty,the coastal defense fortress of Lvshun experienced two war trials.The first was the Sino-Japanese War between 1894 and 1895.The second was the Russian-Japanese War between 1904 and 1905.In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,the Lvshun Fortress under the control of the Qing government only insisted on guarding for one day.In the war between Japan and Russia,because Lvshun Fortress decides the ownership of the naval power of war,the struggle between Japan and Russia for the fortress continued throughout the war.During the war between Japan and Russia,the Russian army depended on Lvshun fortress to keep guard for about twelve months.Through the analysis of the construction of Lvshun Fortress and its performance in the war,we can get three understandings: First,in the situation of financial constraints in the late Qing Dynasty,we can only choose one place to operate,and then operate other places.This strategy is in line with the situation at that time.Secondly,Lvshun Fortress played a certain role in the war.In the war,Lvshun fortress becomes a barrier to defend the enemy,a shield against the enemy's attack,a blockade fortress,a barracks and a warehouse,which determines the ownership of the sea power.Thirdly,the success or failure of fortress construction cannot be defined by the victory or defeat of war.On the premise of completing its strategic task,even if the fortress is broken down by the enemy in the war,the mission of the fortress is achieved,and the establishment of the fortress also plays a positive role.In the Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese-Russian War of 1894-1895,it was not the limitations of the coastal defense fortress itself that led to the defeat of the whole war.The political corruption and backwardness of China and Russia,as well as the passive military tactics,are the important reasons for the failure of the war between the two countries.The establishment of the coastal defense fortress in Lvshun played a certain role in the modern war,protected the security of Beijing and Tianjin,and laid the foundation for the construction of modern Chinese fortress,with far-reaching impact.