A Study On Subjectivity Of Kham Elites In Multilateral Pattern During The Late Qing And Republic Of China Period

Since the Yuan dynasty,Tibetan area of Kham had been ruled by chieftains and temples.Late Qing Dynasty,1906-1911,The Zhao Erfeng(???)abolished the chieftain system and Temple privileges.When Zhao planed to established new social system,the 1911 Revolution occurred,he was killed by Yin Changheng in Chengdu.From 1911 to 1939,there were frequent conflicts between Tibet and Kham,some micro factors played an important role at all stages of the conflicts.Before the Xikang province was established,political agents set by the central government had never been ruled Kang area effectively.The Kham society had been in group dilemma.Old elites including chieftains,tribal chiefs and Lamas and new elites who were influenced by modernism tried their best to find a way out in that turbulent society.They tried different kinds of ways to get used to the special era based on their own interest.After the establishment of Xikang province,Kangba Elites still struggled for the ruling power with ruler Liu Wenhui.The research topic of this dissertation is to demonstrate the effects and influences of micro factors compared with nation,such as individual,group and places on above mentioned incidents based on Kang-Tibet conflicts,restoration of chieftains and autonomous ruling of Kang people and other historical incidents.What should be emphasized is that micro factors mentioned are about individuals and social groups,rarely about local government.Chapter 1,Disorder of the Kham area after the 1911 Revolution and British intervention caused conflicts between the Kham District powers and Tibetan local governments for several decades.Who also involved in were local warlords in Qinghai,Yunnan and other areas.This dissertation focuses on the interest struggle of each actors,especially influences of individuals and common groups' interest struggle on the incidents.Micro factors mostly pushed forward or decided the development of the incidents,but sometimes they had the contrary effects.National government hardly played the role of sovereignty actor in the face of micro organization and individual and always plunged in passivity.In the struggle of each interest actors,micro factors always gained initiative by flexible ways.Chapter 2,old elite groups such as chieftains who were tujia clans into the han officials,tribal chiefs and Lamas in late Qing Dynasty,took advantage of different methods to restore the chieftain institution after the 1911 Revolution.After struggle for several decades with local political regimes,finally the political structure of Chieftain and Han co ruling when the Xikang province was established.On one hand,this dissertation talks about the restoration process of chieftains and their unique features in the North,East and South of Xikang,filling the blank of study on Kang area restoration of chieftain system.On the other hand,this dissertation also shows the flexible methods and initiatives of old elites such as chieftains,tribal chiefs and so on when struggle with national political power and existence competition.Chapter 3,in the 1930s and 1940s,new elite groups represented by Gesang Tseren(????)?Liu Jiaju(???)?Nuona Hutuktu(??)and so on chose to launch Khampa autonomous activities to gain the local political power in response to the unstable situation in Kham area.This chapter gives a general introduction of the five Khampa autonomous activities and shows the Khampa elites initiatives in these autonomous activities from the perspective of Khampa people.The Khampa autonomous activities are not only struggles between national and local government,but also the political ideals and interest pursuit of Khampa elites.It is also political activities under the active efforts of Khampa elites,meanwhile,this dissertation also does a textual research on the questions left by predecessors' studies.