| Imperialist powers continued to penetrate the interior and the border areas during the late Qing and the early Republic of China,China’s border crisis deepened.Kham district is one of the three traditional Tibetan areas,Its strategic position is very important.some people repeatedly put forward the feasibility of Xikang province during the period of late Qing and early Republic of China,even there is a theory called"keeping Khams stable at first while governing Tibet",which played an important role in defending Sichuan and Tibet,and repressing the separatist activities in upper class of Tibetan society.After the revolution of 1911,the situation of Khams was unstable,wars frequently happened.there were seven governors in turn in Khams from 1912 to 1928,namely Yin Changheng,Zhang Yi,Liu Ruiheng,Yin Chenghuan,Chen Xialing,Liu Chengxun,Liu Wenhui.they successively fell into the Khams wars or warlords fighting during their tenure,conflict and negotiation in Kham district border leaded the development of the political situation in Kham district during the the early Republic of China.It can be said that the theme of Khams was political and military activites,Kham district was in a state of continuous political turmoil during the early Republic of China,which brought great challenges and serious obstacles to governance in Kham district.each governors of Khams took some limited measures in the field of politics,economy,culture,education,however,due to various factors,the governors of Khams failed to implement their respective plans in time,the overall results of Khams governance were poor.In a word,Kham district was at the forefront of the Sino-Tibetan conflict during the early Republic of China,and a series of major political events had occurred one after another,which even had a certain influence on the domestic political situation during the early Republic of China.Therefore,it is of great academic value to study the Khams history of the Republic of China.the governance of Beiyang government and the local officials of Khams district in Kham brought us a lot of reflection during the early Republic of China,which also provided reference value and historical experience for the today’s governance of tibetan areas in Sichuan.The body structure of this paper is divided into eight parts.The first three chapters mainly deal with the border conflict and negotiation in Khams,the middle three chapters center on the governance in Khams,the seventh chapter deals with the difficulties and reflection on the administration in Khams,the last part is the conclusion.The title of the first chapter is called "the situation of Khams before and after the revolution of 1911”,which probed into "changing chieftains for Liuguan" that Zhao Erfeng carried out in the late Qing dynasty and the first Khams war that broke out at the beginning of the Republic of China."changing chieftains for Liuguan" which Zhao Erfeng carried out in Khams opened a modernized precedent of Kham district,which laid the foundation for the governance of Khams during the Republic of China;The Sichuan-Yunnan army stopped conquering the west in September 1912,however,the first war in Kham area was not over,then the Sichuan army repulsed the second attack of the Tibetan army,pacified Xiangcheng again,the first war in Khams was not over until the summer of 1914.The title of the second chapter is called "the border of Khams before and after the Simla conference",which focused on Simla conference and the border negotiation of Khams and the second war in Kham area,and combed the historical border of Khams before the Simla conference,meantime made a comparative analysis between the first war in Kham area and the second war in Kham area,explored similarities and differences and internal relations between these two wars in Khams,thus reexamined the significance of the two wars in Khams in the study of the Khams history of the Republic of China.The title of the third chapter is called "related activities and negotiation on the border of Khams between China and Britain from 1919 to 1922",which mainly discussed the Gansu delegation and Bell mission entering Tibet,as well as negotiations around Tibetan affairs were made between China and Britain before and after the Washington meeting-negotiations on the border of Khams lasted until 1922,negotiations on the border of Khams which continued nearly ten years between China and Britain were fruitless at this point.The title of the fourth chapter is called "political governance of Khams during the early Republic of China",which summarized the political situation of Kham area and its influence during the Republic of China at first,secondly,focused on the measure of "the Chieftains and Liuguan juxtaposition" in Kham area during the early Republic of China,the chieftains and Liuguan administrated Kham area together,which is an important feature of the political governance in Kham area,analyzed the job status and interrelationships between the chieftains and Liuguan,this chapter arrived the fruit of the Chieftains and Liuguan juxtaposition in Khams was not evident.The title of the fifth chapter is called "economic governance in Kham area during the early Republic of China",which discussed opening "agriculture test field",tax collection and corvee reform,explored the situation of economic governance in Khams,this chapter arrived the fruit of economic governance in Kham area was not evident,and explored its reason.The title of the sixth chapter is called "culture and education in Khams during the early Republic of China",which discussed the cultural and educational situation and governance effectiveness in Khams during the early Republic of China.culture and education in Khams were not inseparable,religious culture was the main culture in Khams during the early Republic of China,this chapter combed the protective measures that the Khams government took for monasteries and the foundation of "Khams Buddhist Association",and the process of "the group of learning Tibetan Buddhism"who would entered Tibet via Khams,it arrived the influence of activities of "the group of learning Tibetan Buddhism" who entered Tibet;Because of political instability and insufficient funds in Kham area,the governors of Khams were neglected to manage the Kham area,even they had no time to develop the education in Khams,this chapter arrived the education in Khams was caught in trough during the early Republic of China,and explored its reason.The title of the seventh chapter is called "the difficulties and refection of governance in Kham district during the early Republic of China",which discussed the difficult factors of governance in Khams,such as poor natural conditions and frequent disasters in Kham district,brigands who bred in the south of Khams made several counties out of control,central government had no time to take into account sometimes,each governor was difficult to do better in Khams,the power of the Chieftains and Lamas brought obstacles and so on.Besides,the governance in Kham district brought us a lot of reflection,which included historical practice of the strategy of "keeping Khams stable at first while governing Tibet" and lessons of governing Khams during the early Republic of China.During the early Republic of China,it is of great reference value and practical significance to maintain the stability of tibetan areas in Sichuan today.The part of conclusion summarizes the two aspects of the political situation and governance in Kham area during the early Republic of China. |
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