| This thesis aims at solving some specific historical geographical issues concerning with the Ordinances of Official Sequences,one text in the Han-era Zhangjiashan Second-Year Statutes and Ordinances strips,with combined use of both excavated manuscripts and transmitted documents.This paper also expects to recover and represent the whole image of administrative divisions of early Western Han period reflected by the text Ordinances of Official Sequences,and in turn to explore the academic value of this text itself.Primarily,this thesis discusses issues of the county level administrative regions,such as the location and districts of these county level administrative regions through textual research,total number of county during early Western Han era,official rankings in marquis-states and its features,etc.First,after examining Ordinances of Official Sequences and related historical documents,we can conclude that the total number of counties in the Sixth year of Gao Emperor(201 BC)is about 831,of which 282 counties are in the prefectures controlled by the central government(account for 34%)while 549 other counties are located in different Kingdoms(account for 66%).One important feature of the distribution of early Han counties is that the number of counties in the border areas is large,which contradicts with the population distribution.The reason for this may be that counties established in the border areas play an important role in military defense。Therefore they are not based on a certain quantity of households but on the locations and their military values or offence and defense systems.Secondly,there exists a same administrative and bureaucratic system in the marquis-states with counties.For example,premiers,assistant officers and chief of military officers are appointed and dismissed by central government and their salaries are provided by central government.That is the reason why marquis-states were recorded in the Ordinances of Official Sequences.However,premiers,assistant officers and chief of military officers of the marquis-states in the kingdom areas are appointed and dismissed by the feudatory kings of the kingdoms they are located in.Therefore,without particular case,the Ordinances of Official Sequences didn’t record marquis-states located in the kingdoms.At the same time,since the official rank of some of the marquis-states located in the prefectures are only equal to towns,names of these marquis-states were not recorded in Ordinances of Official Sequences.Thirdly,there is a fragmentary character in the No.460 bamboo slip which was recognized as "Jipu"(棘蒲).However,the location of Jipu from Spring and Autumn Period until Han Dynasty was near Neihuang county,which was a different place from the Pingji county in the north.The viewpoint established by the Historical Maps of China that there existed two different Jipu in north and south respectively was wrong.Fourthly,there was a word error in the Biographic Stretch of Gao Emperor of the Zhonghua edition History of Han,which read as“雍地定,八十余县”.I corrected this sentence as“雍州定,八十余县”because“雍地”and“雍州”are two different geographical concepts.Not only that all other editions of the History of Han were written as“雍州”,but also the number of prefectures and counties recorded in the Ordinances of Offcial Sequences was in accordance with“雍州”and“雍地”.What’s more,the Central Shanxi Area had long been called“雍州”from Warring States Period to Han Dynasty.The Zhonghua edition of History of Han was based on A General Reflection for Political Administration,which was describing a different area from the History of Han.Moreover,this thesis also recovered the prefecture level administrative divisions of the second year of Queen Mother Lv(186 BC),mainly on issues like the time when Guanghan Prefecture was established,east boundary line of the Shangjun Prefecture and the administering area of Nanyang Prefecture.According to Ordinances of Transmition of Official Documents and Ordinances of Official Sequences in the Second-Year Statutes and Ordinances and other transmitted documents,there existed no Guanghan Prefecture from the Gao Emperor Reign until the second year of the Queen Mother of Lv.The traditional viewpoint that Guang Han Prefectrue was established by Gao Emperor doesn’t have a solid historical evidences.Through examining the historical process of the exploitation of south eastern borderland by Emperor Wu,we found that until the time when Tang Meng opend up the Yelang area,there was no Guanghan Prefecture.This prefecture was probably established during Yuanguang Era.According to traditional view,the three counties Pingzhou,Zhongyang and Xidu were located east to the Yellow River.At the same time,these three counties were recorded in Shangjun Prefecture in Ordinances of Official Sequences.However,Shangjun Prefecture was believed to have the Yellow River as its east boundary line,which was an obvious contradiction.This paper corrected conventional idea and locates the three counties to be in the west to the Yellow River during Western Han Dynasty,with a comprehensive use of historical document and stone relief inscriptions.In the fifth year of Yonghe(140 AD),in order to get away from the invasion by Xiongnu,two counties Zhongyang and Pingzhou were moved into east area to the Yellow River.Although historical data related to Xidu County is scarce,some later times records during Wang Mang Period have shown that Xidu County was probably located in the northern part of Xihe Prefecture.If that’s the case,these three counties were all to the west of the Yellow River and the Shangjun Prefecture did have the Yellow River as its eastern boundary.Nanyang Prefecture of the Qin Dynasty inherited the whole domain of Chu Nanyang Prefecture,which included the Nanyang Prefecture recorded in the Geographical Annals of the History of Han,plus two counties Danshui and Xi belonged to Hongnong Prefecture and the western area of Runan Prefecture.For a short period during early Western Han Dynasty,Nanyang Prefecture also had Ruyin and Shen County in its domain but these two counties were put under administration of Runan Prefecture.Western district of Ru River and that two counties were distributed to Runan Prefecture in the twelfth year of Wen Emperor(168 BC).Until the fourth year of Wu Emperor Reign Yuan Ding(113BC),Danshui County and Xi County were put under administration of Hongnong Prefecture,due to the promotion of "Extension of Military Fortress" Policy. |
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