A Comprehensive Study Of Qijia Culture

Qijia culture is an important part of bronze culture in Gansu and Qinghai regions.Archaeological excavation was carried out very early,but due to the scattered and trivial data,scholars did not attach enough importance to it.The archaeological discoveries in recent years have greatly enriched the research materials of Qijia culture and laid a solid foundation for further exploration.This paper makes a systematic and in-depth comprehensive analysis of Qijia culture and its related issues on the basis of cross-disciplinary research,vertical and horizontal comparison and cultural factor analysis.The main points are as follows:First,the stages and characteristics of Qijia culture have been studied in depth.Qijia culture is divided into four stages and five stages.The first stage is the initial stage of development of Qijia culture.Its pottery features are short and fat neck pot,obvious shoulder folding,short neck and short and fat ear pot as a whole.The second stage is the second stage,which is the re-development stage of Qijia culture.Its pottery features are that the neck of high-collar shoulder folding pot becomes longer and the body of double-ear pot becomes longer.That is to say,the third stage is the most prosperous stage of Qijia culture.Its pottery features are that the collar of the collar folding shoulder pot continues to grow longer,the body of the double ear pot becomes longer,the handle of the beans is thicker and the dish is shallow;the fourth stage is the decline stage of Qijia culture,and its pottery features are that the body of the double ear pot becomes longer,the collar of the high collar folding pot exceeds the abdomen,the whole becomes shorter,the handle of the beans becomes thinner,and the pottery is in the fourth stage.The fourth stage is the fifth stage,which is the evolution stage of Qijia culture.In this stage,Qijia culture either migrated to the surrounding areas or evolved into Siwa culture and Xindian culture,and the cultural characteristics of Qijia gradually disappeared.The division,types and characteristics of Qijia culture are studied in detail.The Qijia culture is divided into three regions and five types.It is believed that Liuwan type tombs in the western region generally use wooden funerals and Turquoise pearls for burial,and the animal husbandry is well developed.Most of the emperor's Niangtai types are anti-tombs of vertical cavers,with more unearthed jades and excellent production techniques.The Qin-Wei type pottery in the central region is clay red pottery and sanded red-brown pottery,which produces more pottery spinning wheels and bone needles.Industry production level is high,handicraft technology is advanced;mostly grinding ditch type is vertical cave and cave tomb,typical pottery has muddy red pottery double big ear pot,belly ear pot,open thin neck pot,etc.Shizhao village type in the eastern region is mainly muddy orange yellow pottery and gray brown pottery,with more tripods,and the living industry is mainly agriculture,and developed aquaculture industry.Some of the sites in the western region were earlier in the era,with the trend of spreading from the west to the east.Secondly,the funeral system of Qijia culture and its reflection of the polarization between rich and poor,hierarchical differences and changes in social structure are discussed.It is believed that the funeral system has been basically formed in Qijia culture period.The basic combination of burial pottery is pottery pot,colored pottery pot + ear pot,double ear pot,respect and rough in the early stage of Liuwan type.Colored pottery accounts for a large proportion.In the middle stage,pottery pot,luxury pot + double ear pot,high collar double ear muzzle pottery,and in the later stage,pottery pot + double ear pot,double ear + other objects.The types of Huangniangtai are single ear cans + double big ear cans / double small ear cans,double ear shoulder folding cans,Weikou cans and beans.The types of Qin-Wei family are double big cans,mouth cans,high collar binaural cans + bowls,beans,pots + other animal bones accompanied by the Qin-Wei family.The types of Huangniangtai are still dominated by pork bones,while the tombs of Huzhu village of Liuwan type are all lamb horns,and no pork bones are found.The first reason is that the three types are located in different geographical environments,and the second reason is the change of animal species after the dry and cold climate.The problem reflected in the funeral system of Qijia culture is that in the period of Qijia culture,the social polarization between the rich and the poor was serious and the class stratification was obvious.Thirdly,the change of climate and environment during Qijia culture period and the influence of environmental dynamics on Qijia culture and business model are discussed.It is believed that the change of natural environment,especially the cooling,drying and cooling,is the key to the transformation of the mode of production.Livestock raising and grazing are the adaptation of Qijia culture.Fourthly,the composition and migration of the population of Qijia culture,as well as the channels of cultural exchange and the process of civilization are analyzed in depth.In the period of Qijia culture,there were no large-scale foreign people entering Gansu and Qinghai areas,and the ethnic structure did not change significantly,but it spread to the surrounding areas through cultural channels.First,the northwest cultural channels which communicated with the Inland depths,through the Hexi Corridor area and the northern plain area of Xinjiang,contacted and absorbed civilizations from the Western world.Qijia culture and the eastern part of Xinjiang have frequent population flow and cultural exchanges,which not only improve the copper casting technology,but also change the types of crops.The second is to migrate to Shaanxi through the river valleys along the Yellow River and the Weihe River Basin.The similarity between the pottery and funeral customs of Hakka province and Qijia culture in Shaanxi should be caused by the migration of people.Cooling makes the distribution of Qijia culture move southeast as a whole.Frequent extreme weather events are the main reasons for the late migration of Qijia culture to Shaanxi and other places.Thirdly,the similarity of pottery and bronze ware types in Central Plains indicates the late Qijia culture.Gansu-Qinghai region is closely related to the Central Plains region,which promotes the improvement of bronze casting technology in the Central Plains region and is an important participant in the early Bronze Culture in the Central Plains region.Qijia culture,relying on jade resources and production technology,has successfully integrated into the advanced culture of the Yellow River basin,making the upper and middle reaches of the region gradually become an inseparable cultural whole.