A Research On The Chahua Area Of Eastern Henan In Ming Dynasty

There are a lot of chahua area existed in the Kaifeng,Guide,and north seven country of Runing province in the east of Henan in Ming dynasty.Those chahua area was forming gradually from special environment of Henan,the land reclamation policy in the early Ming dynasty,the army land and the seignior,and land transaction or occupation.The existence of chahua area damage the boundary of different countries and result in passive influence on the politics,economy and society.The human changing,land using,and regime fluxing of eastern area of Henan province in Ming dynasty has affinity with the production of chahua area.From the end of Yuan dynasty to the begaining of Qing dynasty,the numble of pelple in eastern area of Henan province through a process of arise rapidly to slowly and drop sharple.The land reclamation has the same situation with human numbles.The regime fluxing also through the process of drgradation,combination and reducibility to upgrade and increase from ealy to later of Ming dynasty.The speed of human arise was above on the land reclamation,which lead to the appearance of chahua area indirectly.The regime fluxing was result in the same situation directly.The cause of formation on chahua area in eastern area of Henan province has nature and artificial reason,and such reason affect the distribution of chahua area.The burst of the Yellow river ruin the boundary,which make the uncertain of boundart in overflow area and owner of land.The artificial reason including the policy of “Yong bu qi ke”in early of Ming dynasty,the army land,the seignior,land transaction between different of chahua seem as all over the every country in eastern area of Henan province,but the verify and numbles has discrepancy obviously,which relate with the cause of formation on chahua area.For example,the numble of chahua will be higher in the location of Weisuo and Seignior.Chahua area has negative affect on administrate.The first affect is destroy Lijia system.Chahua area bring about the separation of land and census register or far away from each other.Sometimes chahua area will span the conutries,which led to inconvenience of tax levy.The people flow was quickened in the metaphase of Ming dynasty.The Lijia system's population controllability function was destroyed.Under such condition,chahua area accelerated the Lijia system' breakdown.Besides,chahua area make the data of land inaccurate.People and land data refer to tax levy of country,so the veracity of people and land data was very important.The date of territory that existed much chahua area often has the phenomenon of fluctuate tempestuously or contradiction between different period.The cause of such condition was officer that chahua area locality and belong to calculated it or not,it result in the data repeat calculation or omit that make the land data confusion or contradiction and influenced tax levy finally.Finally,chahua area give support to land secretiveness,and accelerate land invade in some degree.Land invade and occupy was very serious in Ming dynasty and it aims to escape tax.In the east of Henan province that chahua area existed,land secretiveness phenomenon was very serious,since the householder gained chahua area by invading or occupying and thought the quality and escape tax.Household purchase Chahua land that lied in other countries could escape tax by right of his franchise.Chuhua area also result in the land dispute easily,damage public security of place.Land is main production material and standard of tax levy,which refer to benefit tightly.For example,chahua area result from land reclamation policy needn't have to take tax.After it has to take tax in mid of Ming dynasty,who should take tax arouse conflict and serious gradually.The country that chahua area lied thought it should take tax to local government,because it lied in the territory and could average tax burden.The householder insisted take tax to his own countries,the reason is same as above.The dispute can't be deal with since lack of laws.In the mid and later Ming dynasty,land measure and average tax activities clean up some chahua area that led by seignior or gentry invade or occupying.But in the influence of ration tax policy,chahua area didn't catch attention of central government.Thus chahua area didn't be solved until the end of Ming dynasty.We can understand deeply the meaning of chahua area lied in east of Henan province in Ming dynasty by proceed,reason and influence,also the land,tax,army's circulation in local country in Ming dynasty.There are a lot of chahua area in china nowadays,which result from special period and policy.Different with chahua area in Ming dynasty that led to passive influence,chahua area exist in today could solve the unbalance of region development and resource distribute.It has fatal realistic sense to accumulate experience from researching chahua area in history.