Temporal-and Spatial Order Encoding Of Chinese Characters In Children With Reading Disability

Recent studies,especially studies of dyslexia,have found that temporal and spatial order encoding plays an important role in the development of reading.This indicates that there may be an important relationship between the temporal and spatial coding of information on the perceptual level and word learning.However,the evidence is mainly from the alphabet language,little is known about the relationship between Chinese character learning and temporal-spatial order encoding.Therefore,this study explored the temporal and spatial order encoding of Chinese characters in children with reading disability?The temporal order encoding characteristics of Chinese characters in three groups of children(age matching group,reading disability group and reading level matching group)were measured by using Single probe serial position recall task.The spatial order encoding features of Chinese characters in three groups were measured by twoalternative forced-choice task.Experiments 1A and 1B examined the temporal and spatial order encoding characteristic of numbers,Chinese characters and faces in children with reading disability.Experiments 2A and 2B examined the effect of orthographic on temporal-and spatial order encoding using pseudo characters,false characters and combination of strokes.Experiments 3A and 3B examined temporalspatial order encoding features of children with reading disability using morph Chinese characters and morph faces.The results showed that:(1)The accuracy of temporal order encoding of pseudo characters and morph Chinese characters for children with reading disability was significantly lower than that for age matching children,but there was no significant difference between the two groups of subjects in the accuracy of temporal order encoding of Chinese characters.These results suggest that children with reading disability have temporal order encoding deficit when the characters are unfamiliar or difficult to distinguish.(2)The accuracy of spatial order encoding of normal Chinese characters and pseudo-characters for children with reading disability is significantly lower than that of age matching children,which indicates that children with reading disability have spatial order encoding deficits in both familiar and unfamiliar Chinese characters.(3)The accuracy of temporal order encoding of normal faces of children with reading disability is significantly lower than that of age matching children,which indicates that children with reading disability have temporal order encoding deficits of normal faces.However,there are no deficits in the spatial order encoding of normal faces.In conclusion,children with reading disability have temporal-spatial order encoding deficits in the processing of Chinese characters,but this deficit will be affected by the characteristics of characters and task's difficulties.