Research On The Railway "Anti-Daily" Phenomena’s Forming Factors In Beiyang Period

During the Beiyang Government,the consistent war between warlords and misappropriation of railway loans resulted in serious shortage of railway funds;the bullying and interference of the imperialism also restricted the construction and development of China’s railways.Therefore,the number of railway construction miles is small,and the development of the railway industry is extremely sluggish.At the same time,a large number of "anti-daily" phenomena of railways in this period caused emotional experiences of "unsafe","inconvenient" and "uncomfortable" to passengers,which have affected their daily life and travel needs.With special attention,Shen Bao(1917-1927)reported a lot on these phenomena.The constraints of the social environment,the impact of natural environment and the epidemic,and the limitations of the railway system itself are the reasons for the railway"anti-daily" phenomena.From the perspective of social environment,the railway has intensified social conflicts in the development process.These social conflicts include the crimes committed by the villagers relying on train and the rise of the railway workers movement;There are a lot of unstable factors in the social transformation,such as the war and the banditry and so on.From the perspective of the natural environment,many environmental factors,including epidemics,will also lead to an increase in "anti-daily"phenomena.The drawbacks of management and technique inside railway system are the internal structural elements that lead to the "anti-daily" phenomenon.Despite above reasons result in a lot of railway "anti-daily" phenomena,but the railway central department and local departments also carried out the railway"profit-making" efforts.The railway department has made overall adjustments:including the unification of state-owned railway technical standards,the establishment of a state-owned railway intermodal system,the unification of the state-owned railway accounting statistics system,the strict employment system,and the improvement of the railway police system.Local departments have also strengthened and improved their driving information,infrastructure,railway management,ticket system,passenger and cargo transportation measures,and railway service quality according to the specific conditions of the road and local conditions.These efforts are conducive to reducing the occurrence of the railway "anti-daily" phenomena and reducing the impact of the"anti-daily" phenomena,but they cannot fundamentally eliminate the "anti-daily"phenomenon.Through the disclosure of the railway "anti-daily" phenomena,the analysis of the forming factors behind these phenomena and the "profit-making" efforts,this thesis aims to make people realize that the development of the railway industry in modern China is a difficult process.And then provide reference for the development of the contemporary railway industry.