Research On Railway Police In Beiyang Period

Railway is the lifeblood of a country,which not only has a deep relationship with a countr’s economy,but also occupies a pivotal position in national defense.It is very important to the national economy and people’s livelihood,so it is necessary to develop vigorously.In 1881,China finally entered the railway era,followed by the issue of railway safety.At first,the railway safety mainly depended on the local army,but with the extension of the railway tracks and the busy road work,the responsibility of protecting the railway could no longer be entirely relied on the army,nor could it be placed on the local police,which had not yet been popularized.Since there has to be the establishment of railway police dedicated to the protection of railway safety.Since then,every road has gradually improved and implemented the road police system due to actual needs,but it is " sweeping the snow in front of the door",regardless of the "frost on the tiles" on other roads,resulting in a lot of drawbacks in railway policing.The wheel of history entered the Beiyang period,the extension of the railway track and various "daily"efforts made by the railway department provided convenience for the continued dewelopment of the railway police,and a large number of "anti-daily" phenomena reflected the value of the railway police.it is under the joint efforts of these factors that the railway police continue to move towards the light,but the process is tortuous and circuitous.The railway police is a hierarchical and complex group.It is divided into two classes:the police officer and the long police officer,the police officer belongs to the national public servant,but the long police officer is employed.Both of them show great differences in source,reason of entry,degree of knowledge,regional distribution,age composition and so on.It is not only hierarchical,but also hierarchical.In order to develop the police policy,during the Beiyang period,the railway department continued to strengthen the differential management of the entry,personnel mobility and welfare of the railway police.On the other hand,the road police education has experienced a development process from scratch and from bottom to top,and gradually formed a parallel education system and a hierarchical teaching model between the central and local governments,which has been slightly effective,but also exposed two major problems,one is the non-popularization of road police education,and the other is that the educational methods and subjects are not consistent.Wind and sun,frost and rain are the true portrayal of the working environment of the station police,while crowded,dirty,messy and poor are the working conditions that the road police need to endure for a long time.In addition to enduring long hours of work in a difficult working environment,the railway police also have to undertake arduous tasks.Protecting the safety of the railway,maintaining the order of the station,dealing with railway sanitation and fire fighting,and other matters are the basic work of the railway police,but it is not the only job.The railway police exercise the police responsibility and power in the railway system on behalf of the state,and must serve the political needs of the government.Therefore,when the rule of the Northern warlords is threatened,the railway police must also act as a tool to root out dissent,help the local military and police to inspect and arrest revolutionaries,and even brutally suppress the strike movement of railway workers.The working environment is bad,the working hours are long,the tasks are heavy,and the labor disasters are frequent and serious.The railway police is really a kind of "three high"hard work with high intensity,high load and high risk.During the Beiyang period,the railway police was the main body of law enforcement in the railway system,but its law enforcement power was not fully carried out in the railway.For the sake of power and interests,since the late Qing Dynasty,the military has tried to get its hands on railway policing,first by placing personnel,and then gaining temporary law enforcement power by invading stations and carriages under the pretext of defense.In order to prevent the division of police power,the railway authorities tried to resist,although with little success,considering that the invasion of the sergeant did not touch the fundamental interests of the railway police,and the railway defense had to rely on the sergeant,the railway authorities had no choice but to compromise in order to maintain the appearance of friendliness.Since the carjacking in Lincheng in 1923,when the Chinese road police were caught in a diplomatic quagmire,the military launched another offensive,first trying to replace the railway police,and then planning to separate the railway police from the Ministry of Communications.As a result of offending the other side’ s inverse scale,caused a fierce counterattack by the traffic authorities,a soul-stirring military-police game was launched.In the end,the farce ended with the cooperation of the road police and the army.However,while the two work together to deter the bandits and suppress the illegal soldiers,some of the road guards are not afraid to do their part,but instead bully passengers,pack smoke and soil,and interfere with what the road police should do.As a result,the road police can not fully exercise their functions and powers and exist in name only.Income is the primary consideration in choosing a career,and it is also the purpose of many people to follow the police.However,in the period of Mi Zhu’s salary,if the income of the road police was barely enough to support the individual,it was not enough to support the family.Therefore,they "eat bran pharynx vegetables",dress simply,and live in small and crowded dormitories;in their spare time,listening to the opera,whoring and gambling are their main forms of entertainment.In a word,under the double suppression of money and time,the material life and entertainment life of the railway police showed the appearance of poverty and inferiority during the Beiyang period.At the same time,because the income is too low,the economic status and social status of the road police are at a low level.As a matter of fact,the railway police exercise police power on behalf of the state and take the protection of railways and national security as their own duty,and the profession of road police should become a profession respected by the society.The railway police is actually a“three high”hard work occupation with high intensity,high load and high risk.Road police should also enjoy better treatment.However,this is not the case.Oppressed by life,when there is no better way out,most road police have to work mechanically with disdain and unworthiness,so they often get lost in the role of“who am I”and the role of“what should I do”.Therefore,their daily state of mind is depressed and upset.Such being the case,under the background of political disorder and social unrest,road policemen with low personal quality are bound to go astray,resulting in endless corruption.During the Beiyang period,people expected the railway police to have a sound body and mind,a sensitive mind,rich knowledge,superior talents,a kind attitude and an enterprising spirit,which could not only protect the safety of businessmen,but also solve large and small railway cases.They can not only deal with railway health matters,but also be responsible for railway fire control work,not only to inspect revolutionaries,but also to suppress the strike movement of railway workers,more like an all-round talent.The demand of the society on the railway police is beyond imagination.However,in real life,the railway police not only performed their duties dutifully,but also violated the law and discipline,and in the minds of the people at that time,the image of the road police violating the law and discipline was more profound than that of performing their duties,so that the society did not fully recognize the profession of the road police.Not only that,after using the evaluation mechanism of professional identity to investigate the degree of recognition of the railway police to their own profession,it was also found that many railway police officers were caught in a professional identity crisis at that time.In fact,the personal situation of the road police represented by professional values,the management system of the road police,the work of the road police,the execution of the railway police power,the life of the road police,the actual status of the road police and the degree of social identity promote the formation of the professional identity of the railway police.in turn,it affects the identity of the railway police to the road police profession,and it is inevitable that the road police profession has an identity crisis.In spite of this,we cannot deny the necessity of the existence of railway police,nor can we obliterate their contribution to history.