Excavated Documents And The Study Of The Structure Of Tian-Xia In Zhuang Tzu

The title of this thesis is Excavated Documents and the Study of the structure of Tian-Xia in Zhuang Tzu.Tian-Xia(????)in Zhuang Tzu(????)is a classic thesis of academic history in the pre-Qin era.Thus it helps better understand Tian-Xia to clarify its structure.However,many treatises mentioned in or related to Tian-Xia have been lost,which makes it difficult to understand the inner form of it only with the help of the documents handed down.This thesis tries to solve this problem and provide a possible understanding of the structure of Tian-Xia with the help of some newly-found materials about the Philosophers Era in excavated documents.Part ? of the thesis provides a possible understanding of the structure of the first part of Tian-Xia based on the analysis on "Shu"("?")and "Du"("?").Phrases like "basic Shu"("??"),"inessential Du"(“??”),"Shu-Du"("??")and"dispersion of Shu"("??")in the first part of Tian-Xia involve two concepts:"Shu" and "Du"."Shu" as a noun has two meanings:Tian-Shu(??)and political principles,indicating both the necessity and the mystique."Du" can mean both the laws of nature and the laws of human society,indicating the necessity but not the mystique.The relationship between“Shu”and“Du”in Tian-Xia emphasizes "Shu"over "Du," which is opposite to it in the mainstream of Chinese Axial Period.According to the manners of writing,"hu" in Tian-Xia refers to "Shu" of human,and "Basic Shu" refers to the basic laws of human society."Basic Shu" is abstract while "Inessential Du" is specific.“Basic Shu","Inessential Du”and "Yi"("?")constitute "Dao-Shu"("??").These definitions of "Shu-Du" provide a reference for the understanding of the first part of Tian-XiaPart ? investigates the categories of "Tao"("?")and "Fa"("?")reflected in the schools in Tian-Xia and the transformation from the former to the later.The schools mentioned in Tian-Xia involve two categories:"Tao" and "Fa".The ideal character in Lao Tse????)is a "sage" who is premised on position and power and wants to keep them forever.When the sages restrain their selfish desire in advance,on the one hand,common people will not realize any damage to their own selfish desire due to the existence of "sages",which has no influence on the ultimate desire of "the sages",while on the other hand,their intelligence will not be enlightened.It is corroborated by the discussion of Guan-Yin in Tian-Xia when the signifier "Tai-Yi"("??")corresponds to the three signified,the trinity of immortal,historical figures and concept,that "the sage" represents "Tao" and "Tao" supports"the sage" philosophically in Lao Tse."Tao" abandons "the masters of Tao"("the sage")who has selfish desires anytime via the generation of category "Fa"."Tao"comes into reality by "Fa",while "Fa" attains legality of existence via "Tao".Part ? investigates the categories "Fa"("?")and "Ming"(?)reflected in the schools in Tian-Xia and the transformation from the former to the later.The schools mentioned in Tian-Xia involve two categories:"Fa" and "Ming"."Fa" needs category "Ming" to judge the reality according to the name("Ming")in order for"Tao" and "Ming" to really grasp concrete things.On the one hand,"Tao" can grasp concrete totality and make everything stay in their proper position through "Ming".Therefore,"Ming" can be the appearance of "Tao".On the other hand,the contradiction between "Tao" and "Ming" is reflected intensively in the rectification of names during wars and coups.Therefore,"Ming" won't be the appearance of"Tao"."Tao" needs "Ming" to reflect and realize itself,which gives birth to Logicians Schools.In the relationships between the particular and the general,the specific and the universal,the concrete and the total,Gongsun-Long(???)emphasizes the former while Huizi(??)emphasizes the later.However,they are both on the road of the abolition of "Fa" by "Ming".Part ? analyzes the ideological tendency and the main text structure when discussing the various schools of the Philosophers of Tian-Xia based on the"Tao-Fa-Ming"("?——?——?")trend in the academic history of the Philosophers Era mentioned in Part ? and ?.The evaluation for Mohist School in Tian-xia reflects the tendency of "Referring to emotion".The evaluation for the Legalist School in Tian/xia reflects the non-"Tao-Fa-Ming" trend of ideas.The attitude towards Six-Classical-Books and the main ideas of Confucianism later in history reflects the tendency for those to inherit the culture of Zhou dynasty.The logical starting point of Tian-xia is "Dao-Shu",and the criterion is the thought of Confucius whose idea is to inherit the culture of Zhou dynasty.The major prin ciple of the text structure when discussing the Philosophers is "the Tao of Internal Sages and External Kings".And the minor principle when discussing the Philosophers which pays more attention to "the Tao of External Kings" is the degree of emphasizing the subjectivity.The minor principle when discussing the Philosophers which pays more attention to "The Tao of Internal Sages" is how to treat the opposition.These principles and standards constitute the main text structure when discussing the various schools of the Philosophers together.