Research On Handicraft Remains Of Zhengzhou City-Site

Shang Period Zhengzhou City-site was the first capital of the Shang dynasty,which has become the consensus of most scholars.In the past,most of the research on Zhengzhou City-site involved periodization,age,nature,layout,evolution,tomb,bronze and urban defense,etc.While the research on handicraft remains was relatively weak.In addition,previous research on the handicraft industry of Zhengzhou City-site is not comprehensive and systematic,or focusing on the production process or age of a handicraft sector;or focusing on a certain kind of handicraft workshop area or a few kinds of remains.Some studies,such as periodization,also have some problems.Moreover,there is no contextual study of handicraft relics closely combined with the social production,economic level,urban development and class rule at that time.This thesis intends to comprehensively sort out the handicraft industry relics of Shang Period Zhengzhou City-site,in turn,discussing the periodization and age,production status and subsidiary remains,etc.The relationship between handicraft industry and city,society and country is analyzed,and then the degree of urbanization,social complication and country evolution is discussed.About the periodization and age of the handicraft industry in Zhengzhou City-site.First,stratigraphy and typology are used to divide the pottery of the main sites into types,and then the units are divided into successive arrays,and then compared with the previous Zhengzhou City-site overall periodization results,in order to determine the relative age of each site.This thesis puts forward some suggestions on the ages of three workshops:pottery making in the west of Minggong road,copper casting outside of Nanguan and copper casting in the north of Zijingshan.This thesis concludes that the north bone-making site of Zijingshan should be extended from the lower stage of Erligang to the upper stage of Erligang,and the age of the human skull groove in the palace area should belong to the upper stage of Erligang.In addition to combing the age of rigon wine,remaining bone or cast copper of Erligang-sit,the Y1 of Yellow River conservancy commission youth apartment and the surrounding pit,north Erqi road Y1,the white caliche floor the second affiliated hospital of Henan university medical college site,the oxidation and casting pottery mould pieces such as casting copper remains,medical apparatus and instruments factory of sludge and timber companies of residual copper and copper crucibles also the remaining pieces,and put forward some new ideas.As for the status of handicraft production in Zhengzhou City-site,the thesis focuses on sorting out the production links and related remains of pottery making,copper casting and bone making from the perspective of operation chain.Pottery production includes raw material acquisition,mud preparation,forming,drying and firing.Copper casting includes material preparation,mold making,casting and post-casting processing.Bone making includes two parts: raw material acquisition and production(including cutting,grinding,drilling and carving).In this paper,As far as possible to combine the physical remains of each specific link analysis,and some of the specific functions of the remains of the possibility of inference.It also analyzes some other kinds of handicraft relics and speculates that some may have workshops in the city.The subsidiary remains of several handicraft workshops mainly include four categories: house site,tomb,divination and sacrifice.The construction technology,practical function and plane layout of the site are discussed.According to the number of burial goods,the grade of the tomb is divided,and the identity of the owner of the tomb as a craftsman is deduced.By analyzing the relics related to divination and sacrifice,the importance of divination and sacrifice in handicraft industry is discussed.Finally through the analysis of the Zhengzhou City-site the amount and type of industrial products and production facilities,and discussed the handicraft industry and the relationship between social division of labor and specialization of production,handicraft industry and agriculture production,the social productivity,the urban development and people living standard improving,and the correlation between the class early Shang dynasty ruled a problem,it is believed that the development of handicraft industry in Zhengzhou City-site has intensified the separation of agriculture and handicraft industry and made the division of labor within each handicraft industry department more detailed and explicit,and has initially formed a standardized,modular,collaborative and predictability of the production system.The development of handicraft industry promoted the development of social productive forces,accelerated the change of relations of production and aggravated the class differentiation.The development of handicraft production and the surplus of handicraft products made exchanges and trade more frequent,thus promoting the germination of commerce.Royal handicraft industry was one of the important sources of financial income of the early shang dynasty.Handicraft products,especially bronze ware,were important carriers of sacrificial offerings and war activities in the early shang dynasty.The centralized control of industrial production by the royal family also reflected the strong control of the ruler over the whole country.The comprehensive development of handicraft industry of Zhengzhou City-site fully reflects its position as a super city in the early commercial settlements,thus strengthening the position of Zhengzhou City-site as the capital from the perspective of urban development.