A Study On The Retired Officials Return To Officialdom In The Eastern Han Dynasty

The retired officials return to officialdom as a common phenomenon in Chinese bureaucratic politics is worthy of in-depth analysis and discussion.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,due to the imperfection of its system construction,the phenomenon that retired officials return to officialdom is few in-depth and systematic analysis.In Eastern Han Dynasty,the retired officials career reentry have social and historical foundation.Compared with the previous dynasties,the retired officials of the Eastern Han Dynasty are more numerous in number.The number of retired officials with the return officialdom experience clearly recorded in the "Hou Han Shu"(???)has reached one-third of the total number of officials contained in the book,and the actual number of official re-existing officials is even more numerous.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,there were some differences in the status of retired officials after they left office.Because of the different reasons for their removal,they can be divided into two categories:removal and abolition.In the Qin and Han Dynasties,there were no restrictions on the removal of officials,and the abolition of officials would be abandoned for life.In the political practice of the Eastern Han Dynasty,there was a deviation in the implementation of the rule that the retired officials were abandoned for life,and the retired officials also had the opportunity to serve again.In addition,the names and records of the officials will also change after they leave office.Some of them will lose their names of official documents and even recorded as criminals.Besides,the political status of the retired officials is also different,mainly divided into three categories:Marquis,civilian and criminal.Although there are differences in the probabilities of reappointment of retired officials with different political identities,they all have opportunities.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,the government attached great importance to the group of officials and regarded them as a special reserve of talents resources.In order to attract them to continue to serve the regime,it has certain preferential treatment for retired officials,and some of them retain the official capital and rank accumulated by their eunuchs,which makes their status diffeerent from that of civilians.Although most of the retired officials can not be reinstated when they are re-employed,they also basically uphold the principle that the positions of the former high-ranking people who are appointed after re-employment are also higher.After they re-employ,they can also be promoted quickly.And,the ways of re-employing officials are very complicated,there were many ways for officials to reapply,and they were still under the official system of several general elections in the Eastern Han Dynasty,the main way is conscript and hire,especially the conscript of the emperor.In the "Hou Han Shu"(???),there are many and complicated examples of the historical materials about the retired officials appointed by the emperors.It should be noted that when the official of the Eastern Han Dynasty is an official,they has a higher degree of autonomy and can selectively enter into relations between monarchs and officials according to their own wishes.The reason for the reappointment of the retired officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty is not only based on the government's emphasis on the talents and virtues of the retired officials,but also the government 's stress response to the special political problems in the middle and late period of Eastern Han Dynasty.In the middle and later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the dictatorship of the emperor's relatives of marry left the royal power aside.After the emperor took charge of the government,the retired officials loyal to the royal family would be restored to consolidate the imperial power and enhance the incentive role of loyalty ethics in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The struggle among the relatives,the officials of the scholar bureaucrats and the eunuchs became the hotbed for the officials to reapply.On the one hand,the complicated political struggle increased the base number of the retired officials.On the other hand,in order to improve the group strength,different political forces will also help the retired officials in their own forces to return to officialdom.On the whole,the status of retired officials return to officialdom has an impact on the political environment of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the construction of the bureaucracy,and the consolidation and development of the dynasty.Its advantages outweigh its disadvantages,and it is worthy of recognition.