Analysis Of Early Human Rights Thoughts In Marx's On The Jewish Question

The Jewish question has become a "universal question in contemporary era" for the history of Jewish is undoubtedly an epitome of human being's selfishness,thus the Jewish question is also the question of modern people.Marx' On the Jewish Question gives a specific statement of the reasons and representation of modern people's dissimilation,as well as the classic liberal legal-right theory therebehind."Dissimilated labor" is the key to critically understand the connotation of "liberation of mankind",as it is the core of Marx's idea of human rights to realize human freedom through sublating dissimilation.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,the thesis consists of five chapters:The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the writing background of On the Jewish Question.At that time,Britain and France advanced on the road of capitalism,while Germany was still trapped in autocracy.The Industrial Innovation created conditions for mass machine production,and Marx,in that context,had an insight into the nature of capital dissimilation.Petty bourgeoisie regarded Jewish as the survivals of feudalism and there were constant calls for anti-Jewish.Powell belied that only eliminating all religions may the Jewish people be emancipated and that the Jewish's capacity to get freedom is inferior to the Christian.However,Marx opposed such idea in the On the Jewish Question.The Jewish is a metaphor for modern people,and the criticism on the Jewish is no doubt the criticism on the modern people.The second chapter is the analysis of "the Jewish in civil society".Firstly,Marx recognized the progressiveness of political emancipation and his criticism on Bauer's opinion is also the amendment and supplement of his own early thoughts.Secondly,the critical approach adopted in the essay is the distinction of political emancipation and emancipation of human being.Though political emancipation requires no elimination of religions,it is far from emancipation of human being.The Jewish question is a secular question,and human being can obtain complete freedom only after being emancipated from the civil society.Thirdly,the separation of political state and civil society is the theoretical premise of the essay.From Ancient Greece to the modern times,the political state and civil society has been in a changing relationship of interaction,assimilation,and competition,and the legal-right theory has also been presented in different forms during such interaction.The liberalism realized the renaissance of civil society,while Marx penetrated into the secular nature of the Bourgeois Revolution and launched fierce criticism on the civil society.Fourthly,the essay is also an analysis and understanding of the Jewish spirits in civil society.As selfishness being the nature of Jewish question,the emancipation of the Jewish is,accordingly,the emancipation of human being from selfishness.The third chapter is the analysis of "the nature of bourgeois human rights".The first one is the criticism on bourgeois human rights,which represent private interest,with private properties being its core.Bourgeois human rights have defects in three aspects—subject and object reversed,self-interest oriented,and individual eliminated.The second one is the criticism on the theory of liberal rights.John Locke's monopoly theory,David Hume's empiricism and G.W.F.Hegel's indeterminism all be the justification for private property,while Marx observed the dissimilation nature of private property from the perspectives of history and practices.The third aspect is the criticism on dissimilation.Human being has being suffering from the dissimilation of labor,product,subject and social relationship during the great development of economy,and such a comprehensive dissimilation ranging from nature,politics,and society has caused a complete loss of human being themselves.The fourth chapter is the representation of Marx's understanding of "human being".The first aspect of human being is the nature persons under free will.Human being's holding of free will is where the peculiarity thereof lies in."Humanization of nature" is the concentrated reflection of human being's free will,for human being remakes the nature through labor;the second aspect of human being is the political man as subject.Marx believed that the concept of subject has been faded away in the long history of human activities,and recognized that the creation and improvement of nature through human being's conscious labor symbolized the dominant role of human being.The third aspect of human being is the social man in group relationships.Marx took social relationship as the foundation of nature and politics,and the appearance of "social animals" and replacement of rationality with labor are the key elements for human freedom.The fifth chapter is the discussion of Marx's conception of future society.On the one hand,the communism is a campaign to realize the conceived future society.The core of communism campaign is to realize the real possession of private property by positive sublating of private property.Communism is the harmonious unification of human and nature,and the return of human nature.On the other hand,the union of freeman is the final form of human emancipation.The communism campaign aims to realize the union of freeman,and such freedom refers to the overall liberation in nature,human and human,and social relationship.The conclusion part of this thesis presents a brief statement of the purposes and outline of the thoughts herein.The Jewish,as a metaphor of human being,is an embodiment of human dissemination.The essay,On the Jewish Question,of which the core is the criticism on the classic liberal legal-right theory,plays a significant role in Marx's ideas of human rights,and has exerted profound influence on the later generations.Through there are some limitations in the essay,Marx reexamined the "freedom" in the classic literal legal-right theory,and transcended the achievements made before him.