The Transformation Of Chinese County System In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Early Republic Of China

In modern China,along with the transformation of the dynasty state to the nation-state,the transformation of the traditional state governance model will inevitably lead to changes in its internal governance structure.When the traditional Chinese autocracy system gradually declined,the new constitutional system was also in the ground.In this context,the drastic changes in the state governance system have also caused tremendous changes in the grassroots governance model.For the central government,how to establish a political system with clear authority and efficient operation has become an important issue in response to the increasingly complicated political situation.For the local government,how to establish a local political system suitable for the requirements of political system reform has become an important task of reform at that time.Therefore,in the process of reform of the national political system,the county system,which is the local grassroots,has also begun to transform from tradition to modernity.The transformation occurred in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.During this period,in the continuous exploration of the local governance model at the grassroots level,although the county system has always been between the two modes of the official county system and the autonomous county system.However,the introduction of local autonomy in the grassroots governance model has made the overall design of the county system appear to be weakening the trend of official governance and the trend of self-government.At the same time,the separation of functions and powers and the system of separation of powers are infiltrating into the county system.The modern bureaucratic structure has also been incorporated into the county administrative system,and the functional departments of the county government have changed accordingly,thus making the county system gradually modern.This paper takes the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China as the research period,and transforms the county system into a major change in this period,and sorts out the basic context of its transformation,trying to show the basic context of the transformation from traditional Chinese county system to modern county system through horizontal and vertical dimensions.Among them,the vertical dimension is mainly the change of the basic functions undertaken by the county system in the process of the state's realization of the centralized mode to the local decentralization mode,especially the development of local autonomy by the county impacts the county administrative system and autonomous organization.Thehorizontal dimension is mainly developed through the establishment of the internal institutions of the county-level governance system and the changes in the authority of the county-level government.The paper is divided into five parts: The first part is the basic type of county system.First,this chapter defines the concept of county system in the article research.On this basis,it summarizes the main county system types and characteristics in modern times.Because the research content of this paper is the transformation of China's county system.The second part of the article mainly analyzes the organizational structure,power structure and the drawbacks of the traditional Chinese county system.The third part is the reform of the county system in the late Qing Dynasty.The county system reform in the late Qing Dynasty was mainly divided into two stages: the first stage was the construction of the county system promoted by the implementation of the local official system reform.At this stage,the adjustment of the county system structure was still the “official government” system in the Qing government.Self-improvement under the model;the second stage is the period of autonomous practice in the late Qing Dynasty.The introduction of the local autonomy system in the county system has changed the county system from a simple official governance model to a combination of "official governance" and "autonomy".The grassroots governance model and the modernization of the county system began to emerge.The fourth part is the adjustment and change of the county system during the Beiyang government.In this part,we will focus on the analysis of the county system during the Yuan government period and the county self-government law.Because the "County Autonomy Law" is more perfect for the design of the county system on the basis of the autonomy of the late Qing Dynasty,the system design of the autonomous county system is further promoted.Therefore,in this section,a brief comparison will be made between the contents of the two autonomous county systems.The fifth part is the design of the county system in the Constitution of the Republic of China in1923.In the continuous reform,the county system has become more and more perfect.In1923,it was officially incorporated into the constitutional provisions as the content of the local system and became the basic system of the state.This section will elaborate and analyze the process of constitutionalization of the county system and the county system provisions in the Constitution.