The Research On Japanese Childcare Policy And The Enlightenment For China

The population problem is a major social problem facing all the world.At present,the birth rate is generally low in the developed countries of Europe and America,and the birth rates of the major countries and regions in Asia,such as China,Japan,Korea,Singapore,Hong Kong,and Taiwan are also in the downturn.Among them,Japan is a typical aging country.The increase of unmarried and late marriage or even non-marriage population and the low fertility of married couples in Japan,leading to the continuous decline of the birth rate and the sharp decline of the labor force population,which brings huge impact to the economy and society.Since 1975,Japan's total fertility rate continues to fall.In 2005,the total fertility rate reached 1.26,which was the lowest in history.Since then,it has rebounded and reached 1.44 in 2016.After the foundation of the People's Republic of China,China respectively implemented the unrestrained capricious policy,"late,sparse,little"policy,the Chinese government officially implemented the one-child policy in 1982.In terms of population growth,from the perspective of total fertility rate,after the 1970s,the total fertility rate declined rapidly,which was 1.80 in 1993,and fell to 1.047 in 2015.In recent years,population problems,such as serious aging of population,declining birth rate,imbalance in the sex ratio at birth,and increased risks of one-child families,have become the hidden dangers of social instability.Therefore,China successively opened the "selective two-child" policy and the"universal two-child" policy,but did not achieve the expected effect.Since the "1.57 shock" in 1989,the Japanese government formulated a series of policies to solve the problem of minority birth,and established the concept of parenting policy of social care and respect for the subject rights,and advocated that the government,local public organizations,enterprises and individuals should provide childcare support,in purpose of creating a society which shares parental responsibility.In addition,the Japanese government has gradually established a parenting policy system including government support,social support,and family support,and has formed a unique parenting policy implementation mechanism composed of administrative agencies and child welfare facilities.On the contrary,at present,China's parenting policy still emphasizes the primacy of the family,and most of the childcare responsibility is depend on the family,but there is no effective service and support for the family.In addition,although the "universal two-child"policy is implemented,no sound supporting measures are developed to match it,resulting in poor policy effect.Besides,under the influence of the working environment is not conducive to women's consideration of work and family,insufficient participation in social organizations,uneven division of responsibilities between men and women,it is difficult to improve the fertility rate in China.This thesis is divided into five parts.The first part introduces the background and research significance of China and Japan's parenting policy,summarizes the research situation at home and abroad,and puts forward the research content,method and innovation points.The second part introduces the concepts involved in this thesis and explains the theoretical basis of the full thesis's application,namely,public governance theory and family fertility theory.In part three,firstly,it expounds the evolution of Japan's parenting policy according to the postwar period,the welfare state system and the Abe regime three historical stages.Secondly,it explains the current status of Japan's parenting policy by introducing concepts,systems and implementation mechanisms.The parenting policy system is carried out from three perspectives:government support,social support and family support.The parenting policy implementation mechanism mainly includes administrative agencies and children welfare facilities.The fourth parte valuates the Japanese parenting policy,discusses four characteristics and three problems of Japanese parenting policy,and further analyzes the causes of these problems from the perspectives of government,society and family.Then,on the basis of the foregoing,summarize Japan's enlightenment on Chinese parenting policy.The fifth part,combined with the current situation of China's policy environment,analyzes the existing problems of China's parenting policies.In addition,proposes suggestions for improving China's parenting policy.