Study On Cognitive Evolution Of Lenin To Russia Populism

Russia populism is a social and political trend between Russian noble intellectuals and intellectuals from beadles in the middle 19 th century.It proposed Russia to leap over capitalism and move towards Socialism directly through cooperatives and village communities.Thus,it played an important role in idea development of Russia and started the Russian revolution.In the evolution,the trend of thought was divided into revolutionary populism and reformist populism(liberal populism).In the 1890 s,it fell into low tide with spread of Marxism.In the early 20 th century,with the birth of the social revolutionary party as the symbol,Russian populism witnessed a transient “renaissance”.At last,however,it still insisted on the transition from village community system to socialism when capitalism had a continuous development,and thus it was gradually replaced by the flourishing Marxism.In the end of the 19 th century and early 20 th century,Lenin had confrontations several times with populists who sought for development path of Russia when he explored development road of Russia,and his cognition of populism experienced an evolution from criticizing its thoughts to affirming its reasonable contents.The evolution was divided into two stages by the Russian revolution in 1905 as the node.Stage 1: before the Russian revolution in 1905,Lenin held a critical attitude to Russian populism.He believed it was ridiculous and reactionary that populism broke away from objective rules of social development and objective requirements of economic development,and strived to hold back and reverse capitalistic development and idealize small producers under the condition that capitalism had developed.The reformist populism which was in the dominant position in the 1890 s made capitalism against “people's production”,and expected that Russia could transit to socialism directly by crossing over capitalism through protection and development of “people's production”.Meanwhile,they attacked Marxism by publishing articles,tried to replace Marxism and proletarian revolutions with petty bourgeois socialism and petty bourgeoisie reform movements and became a stumbling block of spread of Russian Marxism and establishment of Marxism political party.Therefore,Lenin used historic materialism and the theory of political economy to analyze the realistic social economy of Russia and pointed out that in the end of the 19 th century and early 20 th century,the social economy of Russia presented the coexistence of capitalistic development and survivals of feudalism,and capitalism had become the foundation of Russian economic life,thus it had no practical significance to realize socialism directly by use of people's community as proposed by populism.Based on this,Lenin criticized idealist sociology mind,the thought of “capitalist path”,and revolutionary subject and pattern of populism of Russian populism and revealed that the socialism that Russian populism expected to realize was farmer socialism of petty bourgeoisie in essence.Stage 2: after the failure of Russian revolution in 1905,Lenin discarded the thought of Russian populism.In the early 20 th century,the various main capitalist countries in the worldwide entered into the stage of imperialism,backwardness of economic development and political development as well made the inherent contradictions of Capitalism become profound and prominent in Russia,class contradictions,national conflicts and social contradictions were intensified,and Russia became a weak link in the world capitalist system.Meanwhile,with the failure of Russian revolution in 1905,many farmers expected to change the landownership and realize land nationalization.Thus,they united all democratic powers to object to tsar's autocratic system and finished the bourgeois-democratic revolution,which was a “specific historical task” of the Bolshevik party led by Lenin.To succeed in the revolution,Lenin acted according to the occasion,used Marxist theoretical methods creatively and learned the promoting function of populism to have thorough bourgeois-democratic revolution,affirmed practical significance of “labor principle” and “average principle” of populism,accepted the land program of the revolutionary political party and admitted correctness of populism in the world history.According to the reality of Russian social development and changes of practical demands of Russian revolution,Lenin criticized and discarded populism,used and promoted spread of Marxism in Russia creatively,enriched and completed his own revolutionary thought continuously,established the Russian proletarian party and led Russian people gain the great victory in the October Revolution.