A Study Of Guan Zhen In The Late Ming Dynasty

Before the late Ming Dynasty,the culture of admonition experienced the development process from the “words on admonition” to the “Books on admonition”.From the beginning,the official “The advice to the king” to the “Dual Binary” and then to the“ The monarch and the official admonished each other”.The final frame is "The officials warned themselves",and the main content is interpreted by the idea of "governance" and evolved into the teaching and narrative of "political experience".As late as the Ming Dynasty,the culture of admonition showed a more rapid development momentum,and their appearance and style changed greatly.In the late Ming dynasty,the number of books on admonition may have reached or exceeded the sum of the From Song Dynasty to the mid-Ming Dynasty.The scale of a single book has also been expanded,and the authors of those books,in turn,enjoyed higher social status.A number of new types has been created,with more innovative and rich content.The expansion of the government apparatus,the degeneration of governmental officials and scholar-bureaucrats,the strong atmosphere of printing books among thescholar-bureaucrats and the booming of commerical publishing all contributed to the development and changes of the Books on admonition in this period.In conclusion,it was in this period that the culture of Books on admonition started to grow and reached its peak in the late period of the traditional society.The main carrier of the culture of admonition in the late Ming Dynasty was the books.The “ Integration of the books on admonition” received ten books,of which“Real Political Record” and “Governance rules” were the most representative.They were numerous in length and style,Complete and complete in content,it covers almost every aspect of politics and governance.The "Real Political Record" was written by Lv Kun and divided into the following categories: civil service,civil affairs,township contract,prison administration,and supervision;"Governance rules" was made by She Ziqiang.It was divided into ten parts: primary election,appointment,office affairs and so on.It is an important reference material for politicians' officialdom,entertainment,and law enforcement.The “Official Mirrors of Water” and the“Record Governance of Guizhou”are representatives of the "Public Document Record System".The “Official Water Mirror” selected the public funds created by Liu Shijun in the period of Renzhi County.They include Male calves,The diction of case,judgment and bulletin,etc.In the form of "Record Governance of Guizho" iswritten by Jiang Dongzhi during the period of rule,such as the preface,the note,the official call to arms,and the allocution,etc,which are the descriptions of the public welfare undertaking "Mu Ming Zheng Yao" and "Etiquette Interpretatio for New Official to Arrive" are almost only involved in a specialized area."Mu Ming Zheng Ya" is in the field of justicea for catching,striking,penalizing,punishment,etc.The "Careful" ideology runs through the book.The content of the “Etiquette Interpretatio for New Official to Arrive” is the ritual knowledge and norms for the congratulations,pay tribute,XiangYing,and sacrifice.The above six departments represent the three types of Books on admonition in the late Ming Dynasty: political experience,public document records,and professional fields.In the late Ming Dynasty,the culture of admonition turned to the subtle guidance of administrative affairs in general,but they would never give up a repeated statement on "the morality of the official".There are many statements about the integrity and professionalism of officials in “Chi Shi Yao Luan” and “Huan You Ri Ji”.On the other hand,it is an important part of the culture of admonition in late Ming Dynasty to get along with his superiors,Colleagues and the Scholar bureaucrat,and to maintain a good relationship with them and to treat the subordinate.In the preparations for officials' formal administration,they also involve certain processes and procedures.The culture of admonition,under the premise of adhering to the "moral standard",the official monitor of the late Ming Dynasty took into account the realities and political environment of the time.It can be seen everywhere it is flexible and versatile and has the wisdom and idea of "velvet glov",but at the same time,it inevitably has the hidden rules of "Be worldly-wise and play safe".The main content of the books on admonition in the late Ming Dynasty was the experience and methods of officials' governance.It can be divided into seven aspects,such as the livelihood of the people,the duty of taxes,the country's contract,the neighbourhood administrative systemthe,the education of the school and custom,security of the thieves,the judicial proceedings and the administration of prison administration.“Real Political Record” regards the people's livelihood as "the first administration",and makes a large number of discussions about the way of "raising people".Tax service is directly related to official career.There are many words in official admonition,which involve many aspects,such as land survey,tax collection and transportation,average labor.The Country Contract and Neighbourhood administrative system were popular in the late Ming Dynasty,and the "real political records" combined them into one,called the “Xiang Jia”.To eliminate thieves and maintain public security is an important indicator of the official achievements of the local officials.The books involve the procedures of guard against theft,aware of the theft,ftreatmen of the theft and arrest of the theft,and the handling of relevant judicial cases,and put forward a number of techniques such as "the way of Run out" and " the way of arrest the theft".In the school and education,there are revivaling study group and reform and administration educational works of political,customs of prohibition and restraintrepair,etc.Judicial proceedings are also an important part of the books,which not only describes the spirit of the judiciary,but also tells the attentions and methods of the admissibility,trial and judgment.The prison management involves the disadvantages of prevention and reform,the anti prison duties,prison guard and show solicitude for prisoner.The position and function of the culture of admonitionin in the late Ming dynasty in whole traditional are mainly reflected in two major aspects: First,it is the initial stage,which the admonitionin culture reach the top quickly in the traditional society.The admonitionin culture in the late Ming period compared with the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty,showing a more rapid development trend,this situation has continued until the late Qing Dynasty,created a peak of it in the Qing Dynasty;Second,it is a turning point of form form of the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty.On the whole,the Ming Dynasty mid-term culture of admonitionin were inherited from the Song and Yuan dynasties,and they had more similarities in the compilation structure and ideological content.The drastic changes in the late Ming society prompted the transformation of the culture of admonitionin.The addition of new knowledge in the content is in the form of a collection of different texts of knowledge.This change and development trend profoundly affected the form of admonition inculture in the Qing Dynasty.The form and collection of texts continued to develop in the Qing Dynasty,and they were finally integrated and evolved into a new style of editing.