Discourse Markers Of "X Le" And Its Teaching Problems

Discourse marker is a linguistic phenomenon in language communication,especially in oral communication.It is independent of the syntax structure and does not act as a syntactic component,It is not related to the communication of sentence meaning and the realization of syntactic function,but it can express special pragmatic function.In contemporary Chinese language,there exists a kind of discourse marker of 'X Le',which consists of function word 'le' attached to some verbs or adjeetives.Among them,the five discourse markers 'xingle','haole','suanle','dele' and 'goule' are used more frequently.From the perspective of distribution,these five discourse markers ean be located at the beginning of the turn,the middle of the turn,the end of the turn and independent sentences.From the form of expression,it can be used independently,multiple 'X Le' can be used together,overlapping use and attachment use.In terms of pragmatic functions,the five;X Le;discourse markers have the same pragmatic functions,mainly expressing subjectivity and dynamic nature,and they have three common modal functions,advice,interruption and suggestion.Advice function often has the meaning of persuading someone not to do something,and then negative elements are dominant.The tone is lighter.It is a positive emotional attitude adopted by the speaker to ease the atmosphere.The result of advice is not necessarily successful.Interruption function can be divided into positive interruption and negative interruption.Negative interruption is dominant,and interruption results are often successful.Suggestion function refers to the speaker's use of'X Le' to make a feasible suggestion,which is easy to accept,positive components are followed and has a lighter tone.In addition,we find that part of 'X Le' can convey positive emotional attitudes,such as forgive,approval and comfort.Similarly,part of 'X Le' can convey negative emotional attitudes of irony,don't care and disdain.When expressing these functions,discourse markers have their own semantic features.In terms of discourse construction functions,the five 'X Le' discourse markers have the function of coherence,they run through all steps of communication activities,they predict the beginning of communication activities by opening turn,promote the development of communication activities by changing turn,and announce the end of communication activities by ending turn.'X Le' discourse markers also have the function of content coherence.By setting up topic,changing topic,continuing topic and ending topic,communicative content is constantly supplemented,they play an important role in discourse construction functions.In the process of communication,we find that the main function of 'haole' is to set up a topic.the main function of 'suanle' is to change the topic,the main function of fcdele,is to continue the topic,and the main function of 'goule' is to end the topic.Through the analysis,we find that when the speaker makes a forward response,the semantic logical relationship between the front and back turn is a continual or progressive relationship.When the speaker makes an adverse response,the semantic and logical relationship between the front and back turn is a termination or transition relationship.On the Teaching of such Discourse Markers,we have examined the syllabuses of Teaching Outline of Chinese Language Major for Foreign Students in Universities and Teaching Outline of Chinese Language for Foreign Students in Universities(long-term advancement),as well as several sets of commonly textbooks of Chinese,find that the arrangement of 'X Le' in syllabuses and teaching materials is not exactly the same.Generally speaking,the t.wo syllabuses deal with some discourse markers of 'X Le' but the function of'X Le' is not comprehensive enough,and there is no 'goule' involved.The number of 'X Le'in the teaching material is small and scattered,so it is easy to be ignored in teaching.In the process of teaching,teachers should guide learners to attach importance to the discourse markers of 'X Le',improve the repetition rate of 'X Le' in class,set up the topic'X Le'and increase practice;Learners should review in time,familiarize themselves with the semantic features of 'X Le',and accumulate discourse marker of 'X Le' through online media,to improve the teaching effect of such discourse markers.