A Study On The Enclaves Of The Republic Of China In The Late Qing Dynasty In Yibin And Luzhou, Sichuan

The enclave,also known as the Qian Land,the Kou Land and the Ou Tuo Land,usually refers to a place where the ground breaks away from the subject of the subordinate administrative area and flies into other administrative divisions.It is called "outer enclave" for the subordinate administrative region and "inner enclave" for the administrative region.This special administrative division phenomenon originated in the Warring States Period in China,which was distributed in all dynasties.And it still exists in the present age.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties,the rulers and governments paid attention to it because the wide distribution of enclaves affected the economic development of society.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties,there have been a large number of enclaves within the jurisdiction of Yi Bin and Lu Zhou in southern Sichuan province,which are distributed in various counties especially on the boundary of the two cities,with various area.In terms of politics,long distance leaded to absence of government management thus increased the management cost.For the public security,bandits committed crimes,and criminal gathered there;Economically,enclaves hindered the coordinated development of regions and affected people’s costs of living.As for culture,enclaves resulted in the dislocation of people’s cultural identity and sense of belonging.So far,for the searcher of enclaves,researchers have usually set the high-level administrative zones at or above the county level or just an area as the research object,mainly from a certain aspect of enclaves,which lacks in microscopic study and all-around analyses of grassroots administrative zones especially county level and below.From the perspective of historical geography,this paper sorted out and analyzed the geographical records,local chronicles and archives of the late Qing and the Republic of China,selected Yibin and Luzhou areas in Sichuan as the spatial scope,and the late Qing and Republic of China as the time scope.Through the correspondence documents and maps of the central government and local county governments,this paper made an overall study of the enclaves in this area,in order to comprehensively reflect the whole process of enclaves’ emergence and governance or left-over thus guide the present.This paper mainly discusses the following aspects:The first part is the introduction of this paper,which briefly introduces the concepts and research scope of enclaves,and collates the relevant academic achievements.Finally,it explains the content,methods and innovations of this study.The second part mainly discusses the basic distribution and characteristics of "enclaves" in Yibin and Luzhou,Sichuan.This part mainly divides the distribution of "enclaves" in the region into two time stages: the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.In spatial distribution,enclaves are mainly in Gongxian,Changning,Xuyong,Jiang’an,Naxi,ancient Song and other counties.The basic characteristics of distribution in these areas are large number,scattered distribution,and the situation of flying in and out between county boundaries.The third part explores the causes of "enclaves" in Yibin and Luzhou since modern times.This paper explores the natural geographical environment and social-historical environment.The main reasons include: the abolition of the wei-suo system and the evolution of "land reform and return" in history;staggered division of administrative districts;the special land and household registration tax system of the private ownership of land;and the special geographical situation.The fourth part mainly discusses the influence of "enclaves" in Yibin and Luzhou,Sichuan.This paper mainly takes the period of the Republic of China as a node to analyze the negative impact of "enclave",including four aspects: the impact on administration,social stability,economic development and people’s lives.The fourth part mainly discusses the governance of "enclaves" in Yibin and Luzhou,Sichuan during the Republic of China.This includes the reasons why we chose the period of the Republic of China as the focus of discussion,the reasons and principles of enclave governance in the period of the Republic of China,and a brief description of the governance process.Finally,the paper discusses the relationship among the existence of "enclaves" in history,human society and physical geography.