| Artificial Intelligence,or AI,has been a concept since the first computer.Man’s philosophical and technical thinking shows the promise of constant progress.For those who work in this field,there are questions that take a long time to ponder,such as whether the subject of knowledge can be replaced by a digital computer other than a human being;Whether computers can simulate the workings of the brain;Whether any human behavior can be formalized and equated with computer programming...The answers to these questions require the joint efforts of science,technology and philosophy.Hubert Dreyfus believes that the reason for the failure of the above discussion is that there is a huge gap between artificial intelligence and human intelligence,and it is difficult for artificial intelligence to succeed now and in the future.Dreyfus thinks:"If we discard biological,psychological,epistemological,and ontological assumptions,the empirical data available to date will have a different meaning...The current difficulties in artificial intelligence suggest that our ability to substitute one type of ’information processing’ for another is limited.Only experimentation can determine newer,faster machines,better programming languages,and smarter,cutting-edge heuristics.Without these four assumptions to rely on,the current stagnation should justify pessimism.If the difficulties that have plagued all areas of AI are reinterpreted as failures,then these failures must be interfered with as empirical evidence against psychological,epistemological,and ontological assumptions."①Although dreyfus’ view on artificial intelligence is rather pessimistic,his profound discussion on the limitations of artificial intelligence and sober criticism of optimism from a philosophical perspective still play an immeasurable role in the development of artificial intelligence.This paper mainly divided into three chapters,the main assumption of dreyfus ontology and epistemology hypothesis to explain the two main aspects of criticism,including dreyfus ontological assumptions for criticism involves in the field of biology and psychology problems,so this article from the ontological assumptions,biology and psychology and epistemology assuming that these four aspects to discuss his retort of traditional artificial intelligence.In the first chapter of this paper,the definition of artificial intelligence is elaborated,and dreyfus’ critical thoughts on artificial intelligence from 1965 to the present are briefly introduced.The origin of dreyfus’ criticism on artificial intelligence is his research on the theory and development history of artificial intelligence.The following chapters mainly explain and discuss dreyfus’ philosophical thoughts in detail.The second chapter is a critique of dreyfus’ ontological hypothesis,explaining the important role of the body in human behavior,the necessity of non-deterministic goals and needs for human behavior,and the irrelevance of human behavior to fixed rules.In addition,this chapter also involves biological and psychological rebuttals,in which dreyfus argues against Newell and others that the brain has physical properties and cannot be treated as a digital computer simply by its information processing process.The third chapter is epistemological assumptions of radford through demonstration of human behavior can be formalized and human strictly in accordance with the rules of dealing with the semantic information of these two assumptions irrationality explains the difference between artificial intelligence and human intelligence and dreyfus demonstrates the difference between human and computer to process information of tolerance of ambiguity,observation,and embodies the edge of consciousness.Through these arguments and refutations,we can better understand the development history of artificial intelligence and play a role in promoting the application of artificial intelligence in social life today. |
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