The Topic And Focus Of Kazakh Sentences

Information structure means that a structure consists of information elements chosen and arranged by speakers.Information structure is an aspect of grammar and aspect above syntactic structure.Topic and focus are significant notions in information structure.Topic means a subject of center about which speakers discussed,it tends to be given information.Comment are demonstration about topic.Topics sometimes can be pause after them.Topics of Kazakh sentences have features like knownness and prepositive,could be consisted with subject,predicate,adverbial,special attributive and complement.There can be add pause and modal particles,try to suggest that the word order is a kind of topic mark in Kazakh,it could be expressed like this:{subject,predicate,adverbial,special attributive and complement+sentence-initial}.Topic can be divided into main topic and minor topic and only exist in Topic-Comment structure,topic can be different grammatical element and part of speech.Although there is no particular mark for topic,we can still mark topic by using structural words,word order and intonation and other grammatical methods.Focus is the information that speaker thinks it important and necessary and want it to be transferred to listener.It is the nuclear information of sentence and important information,intentionally emphasized by speakers.Focus and presupposition are mutually depended,presupposition is one of preconditions for sentence to be correctly understood and transferred.The essential of focus is to emphasize,it can be divided into different categories based on if there is special emphasize,also known as natural focus and eliminate misunderstanding focus Kazakh can mark focus of sentence through morphology,structural words,word order and intonation.According to features of focus in Kazakh sentence,focus structure can be divided into argument focus structure,predicated focus structure and sentence focus structure.The problem more often concerned in information structure is how to transfer information,there's intimate relationship among topic,focus and information allocation,although there's difference between Kazakh and other languages,the general is temporally given first place,speakers often choose topic to package given information and focus to package new information.