| Rural settlement refers to the population gathering place where people live in the countryside and engage in agricultural production.It apparently depends on the nature and has strong rural circumstances.In China there is massive rural population,and rural settlements scattered throughout the country.By the end of 2015,there are still 813,470,000 of rural population living in millions of villages and towns.It can be seen that rural settlement is still the main residential form of population in China.Since the"18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China",respond to the national call,governments at all levels have vigorously promoted the construction of a new socialist countryside to promote rural development.In the past thousand years of development,China has formed a traditional settlement pattern.These work involves the fundamental change of rural settlement pattern in China.And its smooth development should be based on the thorough analysis of the regional distribution characteristics and development rules of rural settlement areas.With the rapid development of society and advancement of science and technology,rural areas have undergone rapid changes,and rural issues have become increasingly prominent,affecting the improvement of residents' income,the rapid advancement of urbanization,and the coordinated development of human-earth relations.Huangling County is located in the gully region of the Loess Plateau.The ecological environment in the region is fragile,and the population is growing continuously.Man-land relationship is tense.Under the dual pressures of population survival and fragile ecological environment,the layout of rural settlements has changed significantly.How to scientifically plan rural settlements and reconstruct settlement patterns according to the objective development rules of rural settlements has become the key content of rural settlement research.We use related theories like rural geography,human settlement theory and landscape ecology.And the databases consist of the rural settlement distributions in three years(2000,2010 and 2015),the Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and the vector data of basic elements(rivers,roads and landform types)of Huangling County.Moreover,we adopt tools like ArcGIS spatial analysis and FRAGSTATS landscape pattern analysis.With aforementioned conditions,according to the research ideas of "Temporal-Spatial Evolvement,Mechanism Analysis,and Spatial Reconstruction",we analyze rural settlement evolvement characteristics from four viewpoints:scale,clustering characteristics,density and shape.After that,with a combination of the qualitative method and the quantitative method,we analyze the influencing factors and the influencing mechanism of the settlement evolvement in Huangling County.Finally,using the estimating method that measures rural settlements comprehensive influence,we divide Huangling settlements into three types:the scattered,the reserved and the central.And using the "Residential Field Potential" method and the nearest neighbor clustering analysis,proposing reconstruction mode of different type settlements,we optimize the layout of rural settlements.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)From 2000 to 2015,the rural settlements in Huangling County changed significantly,presenting obvious spatial differences.We find that the numbers and patch areas of rural settlements in Huangling County first increased and then decreased during the 15 years.And the spatial distribution in different towns and different types of landforms has obvious difference.The number and area of patches in the Diantou town is higher than that of the other five towns.And the sequence with descending order of patch area is highland,river valley and hilly area,respectively.Rural settlements in Huangling County show a aggregated distribution mode,whose significance is continuously strengthened.Moreover,rural settlement distribution of the towns are quite different.The shapes of Huangling rural settlements are relatively complicated and development from simple to complex,and then to regularized.The complexities of different towns and different geomorphologic types of towns are significantly different.The rural settlements in industrial towns are more complicated than that in rural areas.The shape of rural settlements in the highland area is more regular than that in the valley and the hill.The rural settlements in Huangling County are less affected by external activities and is better in continuity.(2)The evolution of rural settlements in Huangling County is influenced by two major factors:geographical space factor and socio-economic factor,and the socio-economic factor has gradually become the dominant factor in the evolution of settlements.The rural settlement distribution in the whole region has the spatial distributional directivity of low elevation,low slope,adjacent rivers,neighboring county roads and neighboring townships.In the past 15 years,the evolvement of rural settlements in the region has been greatly affected by the social economic development.Economic factors,industrialization,urbanization,and regulatory policies have become dominant factors in the evolvement of settlements.The influencing mechanism of settlement evolvement is broadly analyzed from the functional way and the categories of factors.The geospatial factor belongs to the stable ones and has a "continuous strengthening effect" on the evolvement and development of the rural settlements.The socio-economic factor belongs to the dynamic ones,and have an "inverted-U stage impact" on the evolvement of rural settlements.(3)The evolution of settlement space presents new features."Aggregation and Migrating Merge" has become two major reconstructing direction of rural settlements in Huangling County,which is also an important way to improve the ecological environment and achieve poverty alleviation and wealth.The rural settlement patches in Huangling show an overall distribution pattern of"the east and the west are sparsely populated and the high density area is continuously increased".Driven by the resource endowment,start from the multi-core development of two agricultural core districts(Diantou and Qiaoshan),two core industrial areas(Qiaoshan,Tianzhuang),and the others(Diantou,Shuanglong and etc.),rural settlements spatially present a trend of "gathering-migration merger".Scattered settlements improve the ecological environment through immigration and relocation.Rural communities in ecologically fragile areas and those with poor geographical conditions are migrated to the central towns or central villages that have better living conditions.The high-density distribution area is increasing.The town center has become a concentrated area of settlement distribution.Given full play to the radiation function of the town center,poverty alleviation and prosperity in rural areas can be achieved.(4)By implementing the reconstruction model with Huangling County as the core,each key town as the main trunk and the central village as the basis,realize the optimization of settlement space structure,functional upgrading and industrial development.?The two central towns of Longfang and Diantou are formed.This accelerates the construction of new type of towns and improving the town connotation.Moreover,the transmission nodes between urban and rural areas are well established in the field of market information,science and technology,social services,and commerce-trade.?Strengthen urban retrofit and upgrading,speed up rectifying of suburban settlement,and strengthen contact with townships.Villages surrounding Qiaoshan Street should follow the reconstruction mode of "constrained construction + stressed rectification".The surrounding villages of other towns follow the "internal reforms"reconstruction mode.?The center villages take the development route of "advantageous characteristic industry-driven",promote the developments with advantageous characteristic industries,improves basic and public service facilities,and provides necessary production services and living services for surrounding villages. |
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