Forms Of Scientific Advice And Philosophical Reflections

Science and technology has been developing rapidly these years,which has a great impact on every aspect of people's life.The relationship among science,technology and society becomes more interactive.Science and technology have constructed the important content and the basis in public decision-making.Based on the interpretation of the basic concepts in scientific advice,this article analyzes the expert-led form of scientific advice in UK,the market-oriented form of scientific advice in USA,and the government-controlled form of scientific advice in Germany.Then this article starts the following analysis through the civic epistemology.From the aspect of scientific view,the scientific advisory modes belong to logical positivism,the factors of government and market affect the external forms of science rather than science itself,from the aspect of sociology,the model of United States has some characteristics of public participation,but the degree of participation is not very comprehensive.As a result,some scholars begin to rethink and assume a new model of scientific advice,which emphasizes the degree of public participation in the process of scientific decision-making.Next,this paper analyzes the model of public participation of scientific advice from the aspect of sociology(the science shops,the public participation of planning work,consensus conference)and epistemology(coordination analysis,civic epistemology),which admits the epistemological influence of social public when starting scientific decision-making from the aspect of theory.Besides,the change in the scientific advice,especially public participation,will not only reflect the change of social structure in the process of public participation,but also represent the change of the scientific concept and technology policy,therefore,it becomes an important question of philosophy.From the aspect of philosophy,the improved analysis of the socio-technique network of Latour reveals that scientific advice has broken the boundaries of technology and society,experts and the public.Then,the principal part of scientific advice will include the public,the media besides the policy-makers and scientists,which will have an important impact on the policy of science and technology.Thus,the scientific advice becomes a process of the multi participation of different roles.At the same time,it will show us that scientific advice and the policy of science and technology also have a great effect on science and technology,which is overlooked by most of the researchers.Furthermore,the above two points reshape a form of scientific advice about constructivism.Fourth,the concept of scientific knowledge is replaced by technoscience emphasizing the importance of practice,suggesting that science is no longer merely a meditation about the world,it has become the power of reforming the word,the human and the society.Thus,the consequence of the power has become a important factor in the process of scientific advice,which is described by Collingridge's dilemma.In a word,if the science in scientific advice is not only a kind of pure knowledge,but also technoscience,then the dilemma to some extent can be resolved.Finally,I will analyze the problems of scientific advice in China from the following aspects:the improvement of the development of science and technology policy and decision-making system in China's market economy,the weakening of government control about information dissemination,the complexity of society,and the pluralistic values of people.Besides,the article provides some valuable reference for scientific advice in China from the following aspects:drawing up important documents about scientific advice in the process of public policy-making,enhancing the transparency and democracy of decision-making mechanism,providing effective platform for different views,improving risk management mechanism and establishing dynamic assessment mechanism,strengthening the training and use of integrated talent,strengthening the disclosure of scientific information and use of information management technology,and the improvement of legal system about scientific advice.