| After entering the 21 st century,the field and scope of the national division of labor gradually deepened from inter-industry division to intra-industry division.Even in the same product,there are multiple levels of division of labor between different processes and different value-added links,thus forming a "division of labor of global value chain ".At the same time,a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation has developed rapidly.The global economy has shown a new trend from “industrial economy” to “service economy”,and gradually pushing manufacturing connotation from manufacturing to service.The evolution that promotes the deepening and reshaping of the global value chain of manufacturing provides an unprecedented opportunity for some developing countries to accelerate the pace of catching up with developed countries,but it also exacerbates international competition.Under the background of deepening international industry division of labor and manufacturing servitization,how to promote Chinese related industries from the low-end link of the global value chain to the high-end links of the global value chain,which enhance the status of the value chain,has become Chinese currently core and forward problem of sound and rapid economic development.In 2011,Germany proposed to take German industry 4.0 as the focus of “German 2020 High-tech Strategy” to ensure the leading and advantageous position of German manufacturing industry.In 2012,the United States promulgated the “National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing Industry”,and subsequently issued a series of innovation supporting policies,which further enhanced the innovation capacity of the United States and became the "driving force" to promote the return of high-end manufacturing industry.In 2015,Economic and industrial sector in Japan released the "Manufacturing White Paper 2015",claiming to transform the manufacturing business model and maintain the competitiveness of Japanese manufacturing industry.In 2016,the ministry of commerce,national development and reform commission,ministry of science and technology and other seven departments jointly issued "Strengthening of International Cooperation to Improve the Status of Global Value Chain of Chinese Industry Guidance",points out that regard building the global industrial chain,supply chain and value chain of occupying initiative position,complementary advantages,mutual benefit and winwin results as development direction of promoting Chinese status in the global industry system in future.This paper obtains the level of 43 countries(regions)from 2000 to 2014 using the input-output method to calculate the coefficient of direct consumption and coefficient of complete consumption based on the latest data released by input and output database(WIOD)in 2016.At the same time,this paper calculates the forward vertical specialization ratio,backward vertical specialization ratio and status index of global value chain division of labor based on the added value of WIOD data using WWZ accounting method to break it down to 16 parts.Finally,empirically test the impact of manufacturing servitization to the status of global value chain using STATA software based on the panel data.Firstly,by measuring the level of manufacturing servitization and the status of global value chain and analyzing the typical facts of China separately,it is found that:(1)there is significantly difference between level of Chinese manufacturing servitization and level of developed countries,major developing countries in the world.The direct consumption level of service factor input in Chinese manufacturing industries is relatively low.Most enterprises are “built-in” and the level of servitization of the whole industry is not high.The developing trend of level of overall and various technology-intensive manufacturing servitization is presented first rise,then fall and then rise.(2)Chinese the participation of overall,low-tech and medium-tech manufactures in the global value chain is lower than the world's major countries;the participation of high-tech manufacture is also relatively low.However,status index of overall,low-tech and medium-tech manufactures in the global value chain is relatively high;the status of high-tech manufacture is in the middle position.In addition,the index of status of the United States and Britain in the global value chain shows that there is still "manufacturing advance" between the two countries.This also conforms to the people's usual cognition.(3)The degree of participation in the global value chain of Chinese manufacturing industries and three types of technology-intensive manufacturing industries are increasing.The global value chain status indexes generally exhibits the dynamic characteristics of “first drop and then rise”.In addition to manufacturing industries in medium technology,most of Chinese manufacturing industries are located relatively downstream status of the global value chain.Secondly,this paper attempts to analyze the breakthrough of the division of labor in the global value chain and clarify the transmission mechanism of the influence of servitization of manufacturing on the position of the global value chain in full integration into the global value chain under the division of labor system.However,there are the differences in the developing history,factor orientation,policies,institution and other aspects in different industries in the manufacture in the world,so there is difference in technical level.At the same time,in the perspective of vertical point,the technical complexity of each link in the manufacturing value chain is different.In the research for the influencing mechanism of manufacturing servitization to the status in global value chain,manufacturing industry heterogeneity which is one of the effecting factors cannot ignored.Therefore,this paper focuses on the influencing mechanism of manufacturing servitization to the value chain status of the overall manufacture and the manufacturing industries of subdivided technological level.There are two hypotheses based on the results :(1)manufacturing servitization has a two-way effect on the global value chain status and forward vertical degree;(2)differences in the technological level of the manufacturing industries will lead to the heterogeneous impact on the manufacturing servitization to the upgrade of global value chain.Further empirical tests show that manufacturing servitization has a positive impact on the front and back vertical specialization level of the manufacturing industries,but it has a greater impact on the backward direction.Based on the analysis of regression result of subsamples,it is found that the investment of servitization has a significant inhibitory effect on promotion of the status of the global value chain of manufacturing industries in low and high technology.There may be the reasons for the inhibitory effect on high-tech manufacturing industries is: a large amount of investment in service elements in medium and high technology,like professional technology,will make the productive process more finely divided by specialization.So that the degree of division of labor in China after servitization is higher than that before servitization compared with international degree of division of labor.At the same time,due to the extension of global value chain,the domestic value added has been compressed.In addition,manufacturing servitization makes the domestic manufacturing industries climb up the global value chain,more intermediate products are transported to the downstream links in the form of exportation,which means that more finished or semi-finished products with implied domestic added value are returned to homeland in the form of import and are absorbed.Thus,this hinders the real rise of domestic manufacturing in the global value chain.Then,based on the regression analysis of heterogeneity of service elements inputs,it is found that the low-tech servitization boosts the promotion of degree and status of vertical specialization is far more than the high-tech servitization.From the perspective of manufacturing industries in high-tech and medium-tech servitization,low-tech servitization,such as wholesale,retail,transportation and warehousing,has a significant role in promoting forward vertical specialization of the industries.However,due to its low technical complexity,the value-added capability and technological innovation capability of such service-related productive processes is relatively low.So,it cannot promote the status of the value chain.The effect of the investment in servitization of financial insurance on the backward manufacture of vertical specialization also has higher influence than the effect on forward manufacture.In the medium-tech and high-tech service investment,the positive effect of servitization of telematics and professional technology on the status of global value chain has not been fully exerted.Finally,the policy inspiration of this paper is: First,it can clarify the Chinese industries of comparative advantages,pointedly accelerate the process of manufacturing servitization,promote the further improvement of Chinese manufacturing industries' competitiveness,and gradually develop Chinese productive service industry.Second,it can accelerate the servitization process of information and communication,professional science and technology manufacturing industry,improve the domestic value-added capacity of imported intermediate products,increase the domestic added value of exporting intermediate goods to third countries,so that China can move forward in the global value chain.Third,it can effectively distinguish domestic value-added promotion space between different types of manufacturing industries that have different technological content.Then,it can targeted find effective path that improve greatly the domestic added value of intermediate products' exports to a third country,and avoid manufacturing servitization for domestic value-added inhibition.These ways can forward promote the country to upgrade the status of global value chain. |
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