Definition et mesure de la mobilite durable a l'aide d'indicateurs statiques et dynamiques

Since the release of the Brundtland report (1987), the concept of sustainable development was propagated in all urban spheres. For transport concerns it may be designated by the terms of sustainable mobility. Rapidly, we notice that there are various manners to apply sustainability concept, such as health, safety, congestion and many more concerns. In this context, the suggested research consists of clarifying the concept of sustainable mobility that could eventually be useful to the greater Montreal case.;Lately, many sustainable mobility experiments and researches have been carried out in public, private and academic sectors; some of those seem to have great potential and will be used for the present research. The application of sustainable mobility for the greater Montreal depends mainly on variables and data available in the Origin-Destination (OD) survey and in the Canadian censuses. In order to use census data, a merging of some census variables to the OD survey will be investigated, such as household income. As a final point, the conceptualization and the analysis of selected indicators will be carried out, for some indicators, from a reduced sample of municipal sectors.;Local and regional indicators are presented as examples to characterize the greater Montreal region (territory of the OD survey of 2003). Some of these examples are applied to one municipal sector (SR), others to several SR or to the whole metropolitan area. Among all the potential indicators, only a few ones are conceptualized and applied. So, the system of indicators retained in this research is not a complete evaluation or analysis of the sustainable mobility for the region of Montreal but rather a sketch of several indicators susceptible to improve the understanding of the overall concept.;The constructed indicators do not allow an evaluation but rather contribute to the construction of a portrait of the sustainable development of mobility in the region (descriptive indicators). To clarify the method of construction and application, every presented indicator was conceptualized and, sometimes, demonstrated by a simplified example.;For clarification purposes of the sustainable mobility concept, two objectives are laid down. First of all, it will be a question of gathering from literature, in an inventory, various interpretations of the concept. This objective should facilitate the classification of given definitions and the identification of relevant indicators in order to bring light to this obscure concept. The second objective is to adapt and measure various sustainable mobility indicators using available data for the greater Montreal area. Two parallel approaches are brought forward, the first one consists of measuring indicators selected from foreign experiments, measured in a more traditional way (static indicator), and the second, aims at refining some of those indicators in order for them to conform with the space-time complexity of urban mobility (dynamic indicator). As a result, a part of the effort will be directed on the transformation of static indicators into dynamic ones. Those ones evolve into different space-time perspectives that allow a much more precise representation of the transport phenomena and transport behavior.;The concept of sustainable mobility remains very recent and its applications are very few. Researches, like this one, and the databases development adapted to the concerns of sustainable mobility, will eventually allow an adequate and complete evaluation of mobility under constraint of durability.;The results stemming from the conceptualization and from the application of the selected indicators demonstrate that various phenomena, concerning the sustainable mobility, can be measured. It seemed, throughout the research, that there is no unique frame of application for the concept of durability. In fact, desired equilibrium between the environmental, economic and social notions is strictly an arbitrary choice (a political choice).;The knowledge of the concept of sustainable mobility remains very recent and the applications are still few. The results of this research demonstrate that the evaluation of sustainable mobility will have to be better defined for the greater region of Montreal. Afterwards, it will be possible to estimate the situation in sustainable terms and to estimate the viability of indicators presented in this research.;This research project starts by putting in context the concept of sustainable mobility by carrying out a literature review. The components, such as the three pillars (economic, environmental and social), the space-time perspective and the principles contribute to clarify the concept of sustainable mobility. In particular, a definition of sustainable mobility and, also, a distinction between the notions of sustainable transport and sustainable mobility are presented. In the following section, the indicators gathered in a system contribute to give a vision more adapted to the principles of sustainability. Moreover, the inventory of sustainable mobility indicators paints a more complete portrait of concept elements. The third chapter is about methodology concerns and in particular, the merging of some census variables to the OD survey. Lastly, in order to adhere to the sustainable principles, static indicators are transformed into dynamic ones. The indicators and indices in the report are the dynamic sprawling index of population, evolution of the space consumed by transport system, the ratio of road network to resident, accessibility with TC, consumption of space by vehicles, the fragmentation index of space, the physical activity volume and, finally, the index of Gini applied to accessibility by Transit.