Recherche des determinants de la specificite parasitaire dans le modele Lamellodiscus (Diplectanidae, Monogenea)-Sparidae (Teleostei) en Mediterranee (French text)

The objective of this thesis was to obtain a better understanding of the factors controlling host specificity in the host-parasite system formed by fish from the family Sparidae and their specific monogeneans parasites from the genus Lamellodiscus (Platyhelminthes). In other words, the goal was to understand the factors determining the number of hosts used by a parasite species. We assumed that specificity is under ecological and evolutionary constraints. The hypothesis of an increase of taxonomic diversity with specificity was also tested. It is based on the idea that generalist species are more tolerant to their environment, and therefore less subject to speciation after a host change event, and are then less diversified than specialist species. Since the evolutionary history of parasites can be influenced by the history of their hosts via coevolutionary interactions, it was necessary to obtain phylogenies for the hosts and parasites. The aim of the study of host-parasite coevolution in this system was to assess if the pattern of host-parasite association (and consequently, specificity) was determined by coevolutionary interactions. Phylogenies were obtained for hosts and parasites from the analysis of DNA sequences. This analysis, carried out at the molecular level, led us to reconsider the taxonomic status of several monogenean species. On the basis of the DNA sequences obtained, Lamellodiscus virgula and L. obeliae appear to form a single species (L. virgula), while Furnestinia echeneis is transferred to the genus Lamellodiscus. Several analytical methods were used to study host-parasite coevolution in this system. Among them, ParaFit was designed during this thesis. All methods agreed that this host-parasite system does not exhibit a general cospeciation pattern. No link between taxonomic diversity and specificity has been found in Lamellodiscus, nor in their family, the Diplectanidae. However, such a link was found when the main groups of parasites were considered. Ecological and phylogenetic determinants of specificity were investigated via multivariate statistical methods. The variables included in the analyses were potential host-related ecological determinants of specificity. The parasite phylogeny was taken into account through comparative methods, including the independent contrasts method. Specificity appears to be strongly constrained by the phylogeny, suggesting the existence of genetically transmitted determinants. The analyses also revealed that Lamellodiscus monogeneans tend to specialize on larger hosts. This is interpreted as a specialization on a predictable resource.