| The thesis identifies sustainable development principles as they are emerging within Indonesia and translates these into practical planning and decision-making criteria and processes for coastal resource development, using East Kalimantan as a case study.;Drawing on the insights gained from the spatial planning and the economic-ecological modelling analyses, and other analyses pertaining to the cultural, socioeconomic and institutional setting, a management framework is offered for sustainable coastal development.;The ARC/INFO GIS (Geographic Information System) is used to indicate coastal areas that are ecologically suitable and available for 14 development activities, ranging from wetland rice to tambak (brackishwater shrimp/fish pond). An integrated economic-ecological model provides a framework for examining the trade-off between economic gains and environmental degradation of multiple-resource uses over time. Four major development activities (oil, LNG, fertilizer, and tambak) are analyzed in the model. The model demonstrates the contribution of each activity as a share of total profit and as environmental costs in the form of coastal water pollution and mangrove degradation. The greatest potential environmental costs appear to be associated with direct population effects through coastal land opening and domestic sewage. Since oil and gas reserves deplete, tambak will be the greatest contributor to the social benefit in the long-run. |
