| As an important economic crop in many regions,flue-cured tobacco is the main source of income for many tobacco farmers and an important pillar of the national economy.At present,the cultivation of flue-cured tobacco is faced with many problems.Among them,how to make use of the characteristics of different varieties,formulate supporting technologies for improved varieties,improve the economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco,increase tobacco leaf quality,and increase tobacco farmers’ income,etc.,are worthy of in-depth research by technical personnel.Therefore,this paper uses five flue-cured tobacco varieties(Yunyan 87,Zhongyan 100,Yunyan 105,NC71 and Qushou No.1)in Henan tobacco area as materials to study the effects of different tobacco maturity and different curing processes on the quality and economy of flue-cured tobacco.The influence of traits is to provide a basis for the establishment of supporting cultivation techniques for flue-cured tobacco varieties.The results of the study are as follows:1.The quality of fresh tobacco of different flue-cured tobacco varietiesThe quality characteristics of Yunyan 87,Zhongyan 100,Yunyan 105,NC71 and Qushou No.1 are different.With the increase of maturity,the moisture content of fresh tobacco gradually decreases,the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids decreases,and the leaf-like ratio decreases.,The content of starch,total sugar and reducing sugar is inconsistent in different varieties and maturity.The content of total nitrogen shows a downward trend,and the content of phenols first increases and then decreases.The quality of fresh tobacco varieties is as follows:moisture content is Yunyan 105>NC71>Qushou No.1>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 87;chlorophyll content is Qushou No.1>Yunyan 87>NC71>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 105;The carotenoid content is as follows:Qushou No.1>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 87>Yunyan 105>NC71;the leaf-like ratio of different flue-cured tobacco varieties has little difference;the starch content is Yunyan 105>Qushou No.1>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 87>NC71;reducing sugar content is Yunyan 87>NC71>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 105>Qushou No.1;total sugar content is Yunyan 87>NC71>Zhongyan 100>Qushou No.1>Yunyan 105;total nitrogen The content is Yunyan 87>Zhongyan 100>Qushou No.1>Yunyan 105>NC71;the content of chlorogenic acid is Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 105>Yunyan 87>Qushou No.1>NC71;the content of rutin is Yunyan 87>China Tobacco 100>NC71>Qushou No.1>Yunyan 105;The content of Scopoletin showed as Qushou No.1>Yunyan 87>NC71>Zhongyan 100>Yunyan 105.2.Differences in curing characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco varietiesThe changes in moisture,chlorophyll and PPO activity of tobacco leaves during the curing process reflect the curing characteristics of tobacco leaves.This experimental study shows that with the increase of fresh tobacco maturity,the same variety has better and better roastability and worse and worse roast resistance.Zhongyan 100:The chlorophyll degradation and water loss are well coordinated during the baking process,and the chlorophyll degradation amount exceeds 80%within 72 hours under the treatment of M2 and M3.The water loss balance during the baking process is better,and the PPO activity is low.,Tobacco leaves are more resistant to roasting and have better roasting properties.On the whole,China Tobacco 100 has better baking characteristics.Yunyan 87:It can fall yellow in layers when it is mature in the field,the yellow fall is faster,and the tobacco leaves are resistant to ripening.During the baking process,the water loss rate is fast,the chlorophyll degradation rate is fast,the water loss and yellowing are suitable,the water loss and yellowing characteristics are good,the PPO activity during the baking period is slightly higher than that of Zhongyan 100,and the yellow smoke rate after curing High,good baking properties and baking resistance,and good baking characteristics.Yunyan 105:When the field is mature,the fresh tobacco leaves have a large water content.During the curing process,the tobacco leaves have a small water loss balance,which is far from the appropriate value,and the water loss characteristics are not ideal,and the water loss rate is slow during the yellowing period The color fixation period is accelerated,which provides conditions for the browning reaction.During the curing period,Yunyan 105PPO has a higher activity,and the tobacco leaves have general curing resistance.After curing,the tobacco contains more green and mixed tobacco,and the ease of curing is general,and the curing resistance is general..On the whole,the baking characteristics of Yunyan 105 are average.Therefore,during the yellowing period,the difference between dryness and humidity is increased by 1.5～2.5℃.After the yellowing period is sufficient,the heat will be switched to the fixing period in time.The fixing period prevents excessive consumption of the leaf contents,and dehydrates and fixes relatively quickly,at 45～49℃.During this period,it is necessary to quickly dehydrate,to prevent the tobacco leaves from being dehumidified in time to cause tobacco leaves.NC71:During the curing period,the tobacco leaf loses water faster,the chlorophyll degradation rate is slightly slower,the ease of curing is general,and the coordination of water loss at each stage is general.During the curing period,the PPO activity is low,and the tobacco leaves have better curing resistance.There is a lot of green smoke in the back.On the whole,the bakeability is average and the bake resistance is better.Baking characteristics are average.In the middle of yellowing period,moisturizing and yellowing are required,and the yellowing time is controlled within 48～54h.The dehydration rate is not fast during the fixation period,and the temperature is increased slowly to keep PPO low activity.Qushou No.1:Fresh tobacco leaves in the field have higher chlorophyll content,darker color,and higher PPO.During the curing process,the tobacco leaves lose water faster,chlorophyll degradation rate is slower,and the tobacco leaf yellowing stage is relatively slow.During the roasting period,the PPO activity is higher and the roasting resistance is poor.After roasting,the smoke has more variegated ash,the easy roasting property is average,and the roasting resistance is poor.The baking characteristics are poor.Maintained during the yellowing period(dry bulb 38～41℃,wet bulb 36～38.5℃),and its PPO activity is higher in the fixing stage,so during the baking process,it is necessary to pay attention to the full yellowing and the conversion of the fixing stage to promote the inside of the tobacco leaf.Physiological and biochemical reactions proceed smoothly,and after full yellowing,turn to the fire to enter the color fixation period in time to prevent excessive yellowing of tobacco leaves causing dry matter loss.3.Research on suitable harvest maturity of different flue-cured tobacco varieties Effects of curing at different maturity levels on the quality of tobacco leaves:By comparing the chemical composition content,polyphenolic compound content,appearance quality and sensory quality of three maturity levels of immature,moderately mature,and overripe tobacco,it is found that the nicotine content is expressed as M3>M2>M1;the content of total sugar and reducing sugar is M2>M3>M1;with the increase of maturity,the content of polyphenols increases significantly;the appearance quality and sensory quality score of Yunyan 87 flue-cured tobacco leaves under M2 treatment High,65.5 points and 73.7 points,respectively;the appearance quality scores of cured tobacco leaves under the treatments of Zhongyan 100M1 and M2 were both 63.0,higher than that of the treatment of M3,and the sensory quality scores of flue-cured tobacco leaves under the treatment of Zhongyan 100M3 were the highest,which was 70.2 The appearance quality score of flue-cured tobacco leaves under the NC71 M2 treatment was the highest at 63.0 points,and the sensory quality scores of the flue-cured tobacco leaves under the M3 treatment were higher at 71.3 points;the appearance quality and sensory quality scores of the flue-cured tobacco leaves under the M1 treatment of Qushou No.The appearance quality score of flue-cured tobacco leaves under Yunyan 105M1 treatment was 65.5,which was higher than other maturity tobacco leaves.The sensory quality score of flue-cured tobacco leaves under M3 treatment was higher,which was 73.5 points.The appearance quality,sensory quality,polyphenol content and chemical composition coordination of flue-cured tobacco are integrated.The botanical characteristic index of Yunyan 105 suitable for harvesting maturity is:the leaf color is light green,the main vein is 1/2 white,the branch veins are green,and the hair is less shedding;the botanical characteristic index for the suitable harvesting maturity of Qushou No.1 Light green,main veins 1/2 white,branch veins are blue,hairs are less shed,and leaf tips are slightly undercut;NC71 is suitable for harvesting and the botanical characteristic index of maturity is that the leaf surface turns yellow by 60%to 80%,main veins The botanical characteristic index of Zhongyan 100 suitable for harvesting maturity is that the leaf surface is basically all yellow with mature spots,the main branch veins are all white and shiny,and most of the hairs have fallen off.,The tip of the leaf and the edge of the leaf appear as dry tip and burnt edge;the botanical characteristic index of Yunyan 87 suitable for harvesting maturity is that the leaf surface turns yellow by 60%to 80%,the main veins are all white and shiny,the branch veins 2/3 turn white,and the hairs are relatively Many fall off,leaf tip and leaf margin down.4.Research on suitable curing technology for different flue-cured tobacco varieties Combining the chemical composition,appearance quality,sensory quality and economic properties of flue-cured tobacco leaves,the results show that Yunyan 87 and Zhongyan 100 are baked by a three-stage baking process,and the potassium content of flue-cured tobacco is higher,and the potassium-chloride ratio is higher than 4%.,The nicotine and total sugar content are within the range of high-quality tobacco leaves,and the chemical components are more coordinated;the appearance quality scores of flue-cured tobacco are the highest,61.0 points and 56.5 points,respectively;the sensory scores of flue-cured tobacco are 73.9 and 72.0,which are higher than other treatments;The economic properties of flue-cured tobacco are the best.Among them,the output value of Yunyan 87 flue-cured tobacco per mu is increased by more than 42%compared with other curing processes.Therefore,Yunyan 87 and Zhongyan 100 are more suitable to adopt a three-stage baking process.Canal No.1 and NC71 were cured by high temperature yellowing,and the appearance quality of the flue-cured tobacco was highest,57.5 points and 55.0 points,respectively;the sensory quality score of the flue-cured tobacco was the highest,72.6 points and 71.3 points respectively;the flue-cured tobacco had the highest scores of sensory quality,72.6 points and 71.3 points,respectively.Economic traits performed well.Among them,the yield per mu of Canshou No.1 was 116.0 kg,the yield value per mu was RMB 2644.8,and the proportion of medium and high-grade tobacco was 70.9%,which were higher than other treatments.The yield per mu of NC71 flue-cured tobacco was 172.0 kg per mu.The output value is 4678.4 yuan,the average price is 27.2 yuan,and the proportion of middle and upper-class cigarettes is 87.4%,which is the highest.Therefore,Qushou No.1 and NC71 are more suitable for high-temperature yellowing baking process.After Yunyan 105 was cured by the method of dehumidifying and curing during the color fixation period,the appearance quality and sensory quality of the cured tobacco leaves were the highest,with 64.0 points and 70.6 points respectively.Compared with three-stage curing,the yield per mu was increased by 46.6%.The output value has increased by 81.3%,and the average price and the proportion of middle and upper-class cigarettes have also increased to a certain extent.Therefore,Yunyan 105 is more suitable to adopt the baking process of dehumidification during the color fixation period. |
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