| As people’s awareness of environmental protection and the concept of sustainable development gradually increase,the development of a low-carbon circular economy is highly valued by the government and the business community.Countries actively formulate relevant policies to reasonably restrict the total amount of carbon emissions.For example,establishing a carbon trading market and implementing carbon emission reduction subsidies.Enterprises have also begun to invest heavily in remanufacturing and low-carbon production,thereby improving resource utilization efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.However,in the independent decision-making process,members of the supply chain often have conflicts of interest due to different goals,resulting in a decline in the performance of the supply chain and an imbalance.Therefore,how to coordinate and reduce the profits loss under decentralized decision-making is an important decision-making problem facing today.In view of this,based on carbon trading theory,supply chain theory,supply contract theory,generalized Nash equilibrium theory and variational inequality theory,this paper studies the condition of zero profit internal consumption for the case of companies introducing carbon emission reduction technology and the government implementing carbon emission reduction subsidies.Firstly,this paper describes the problem of closed-loop supply chain profit internal consumption in two situations according to the background characteristics,proposes relevant assumptions,and builds an optimization model from this.Secondly,the reverse induction method is used to solve the optimal pricing strategy under decentralized decision-making and centralized decision-making respectively,and the existence of profit internal friction is verified by comparison.Based on this,the variational inequality is used to characterize the decision-making behavior of the enterprise,and then the coordination conditions for decentralized decision-making to reach the centralized decision-making level are derived,and a specific coordination contract is designed based on this.Finally,the Matlab software is used for numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis to verify the feasibility and stability of the coordination contract.Studies have shown that:(1)The closed-loop supply chain with centralized decision-making model is more competitive in the market.(2)The overall benefit of the supply chain meeting the coordination conditions has reached the level of centralized decision-making and zero profit internal consumption.Among them,the wholesale price of products depends on the unit carbon emissions after carbon reduction,the carbon trading price,the production cost of new products and government subsidies for emission reduction.The greater the subsidy,the lower the wholesale price.Manufacturers’ recycling prices are not only affected by the difference in unit carbon emissions and production costs of new products and remanufactured products after emission reduction,but also have a negative correlation with government carbon emission reduction subsidies.(3)In order for the carbon trading mechanism to promote enterprise emission reduction effectively,the investment cost of emission reduction needs to be controlled within a certain range,and expanding the market size and implementing carbon emission reduction subsidies will help the smooth implementation of the carbon trading mechanism.However,carbon emission reduction subsidies have weakened the development of reverse logistics to a certain extent.(4)If the actual carbon emissions exceed the free carbon quota,the total system profit will be in a U-shaped relationship with the carbon trading price.Otherwise,the total system profit will be positively related to the carbon trading price.When the carbon trading price is at a low level,the government’s emission reduction subsidies play a role in "sending charcoal in snowy weather." When the carbon trading price is greater than a certain threshold,the total profit of the system is negatively correlated with emission reduction subsidies.Regardless of whether the government implements carbon emission reduction subsidies,corporate income is an increasing function of market size and consumers’ low-carbon preference. |
