| Wheat seedling(Leaf powder,Aojiru)was a single resource in the world,which was rich in nutrients,one of the balanced products had high medicinal value and health care function.The development of health care products for wheat seedlings can further broaden the processing value-added ways of barley/wheat and improve the economic benefits of the wheat/barley industry.At present,the research on screening special varieties for wheat seedling production had been reported in China,but these studies mostly focused on barley materials,while the comparative study on nutritional components of young leaves of different wheat varieties was less.Therefore,this experiment investigated the quality of main wheat leaf products in the market,analyzed the quality parameters and stability of each product,and evaluated the nutritional value of barley leaf products of different brands by nutrient profile.Five wheat varieties and two barley varieties were selected,through field experiments,the effects of different varieties and different periods of green cutting(one green cutting before winter,one green cutting in spring,and two green cutting in winter and spring)on the yield,nutritional components,agronomic traits of regenerated plants,grain yield and quality of wheat/barley seedlings were analyzed.This thesis discussed the feasibility of producing leaf powder from wheat seedlings and the value of developing wheat seedling products,so as to provide support for the healthy and orderly development of wheat/barley seedlings(Leaf powder,Aojiru)product market.The main results were as follows:1.The quality parameters of main leaf powder(Aojiru)products in the domestic and foreign markets were investigated and analyzed.It showed that the quality of different brands of barley leaf powder products at home and abroad fluctuated greatly.From the perspective of nutritional value,the analysis by nutrient profile showed that the NRF7.3 values of randomly selected 8 brands of products were all higher than 40,and the nutritional value of the products was higher.In terms of product quality,the coefficient of variation of other nutritional components except energy in the domestic market was over 20%,showing the characteristics of poor uniformity and large variation.The major differences in nutritional components among different brands of barley leaf powder products abroad were the contents of sodium,iron,vitamin C and vitamin E,with coefficients of variation of 68,92%,51.54%,76.53%and 45.34%,respectively.The minor differences were the contents of energy,fat,dietary fiber,calcium,magnesium,and zinc,with coefficients of variation of 0.21%～16.30%.From the average point of view,the quality of barley leaf powder products of foreign brands was slightly better than that of domestic brands on the whole,and the average contents of energy,protein,fat,dietary fiber,folic acid,potassium,zinc and vitamin E were higher than those of domestic products,but the difference was not significant.2.Comparing the distribution of energy and main nutritional components in domestic leaf powder(Aojiru)brand products,it showed that 66.7%brand energy content<1300 kJ/100g;80.0%brand protein content>16 g/100g;60.0%brand carbohydrate content<25 g/100g;86.7%brand fat content<4.7 g/100g;86.7%brand sodium content≤500 mg/100g;75.0%brand dietary fiber content>38 g/100g.As can be seen from the box chart,the contents of vitamin C,carbohydrate,iron,sodium,fat and folic acid in barley Leaf powder products of 19 domestic and foreign brands had longer boxes and fluctuate greatly among brands.3.Field experiments showed that the yield of fresh wheat seedlings of barley varieties was higher than that of wheat varieties in the treatment of one green cutting before winter and the second green cutting in spring.The total yield of barley seedlings after two green cuts was 16870.84-17383.98 kg/hm2,and the dry weight was 2649.34～2740.46 kg/hm2.There was no significant difference between the two varieties.The total yield of fresh weight of wheat seedlings ranged from 12972.50 to 15130.09 kg/hm2,and the dry weight ranged from 2268.12 to 2744.10 kg/hm2,with significant differences among the five varieties.In spring,the amount of grass in a green cutting treatment was barley/wheat varieties change greatly.The fresh weight of barley seedlings was about 20000 kg/hm2,and the dry weight was 3281.64～3562.59 kg/hm2,and the difference between the two varieties was significant.The fresh weight of wheat seedlings ranged from 16032.59 to 23913.52 kg/hm2,and the dry weight ranged from 3095.01 to 4511.00 kg/hm2,with great differences among wheat varieties.From the period of green cutting,the yield of wheat seedlings cut once in spring was the highest,and the yield of wheat seedlings cut once before winter was the lowest.From the perspective of varieties,the amount of grass cut twice was better than that of wheat varieties,and Yangnongpi 10 performs better among barley varieties;Among wheat varieties,Yangmai 23 performed better,followed by Ningmai 13.In spring,Yangfumai No.4 had the highest yield,followed by Yangnongpi No.10.4.The quality of wheat seedlings cut green in different periods was quite different,the contents of crude protein,free amino acids,chlorophyll,carotenoids,GABA,flavonoids,calcium,potassium,magnesium,phosphorus,boron,copper,iron and zinc in the wheat seedlings cut before winter were higher,and the quality of the wheat seedlings was better.The quality of the wheat seedlings cut for the second time in spring and the first time in spring had little difference,and the quality was significantly lower than that of the first time in winter.The content of various nutrients in wheat seedlings cut green in winter and spring was significantly higher than that of barley varieties,and the content of flavonoids,total phenols and antioxidant activity of wheat seedlings were higher,which had more health care value,that was,the nutritional and health care quality of wheat seedlings was generally better than that of barley seedlings.Among wheat varieties,Ningmai 13 and Yangmai 23 had high nutritional components and relatively good quality.By comparing the quality indexes of wheat seedling powder cut green in different periods with those of commercial products,the quality indexes of wheat seedling powder cut green in three treatments were equivalent to those of commercial leaf powder products.5.Cutting green treatment delayed the flowering period and maturity of regenerated plants of barley/wheat varieties to varying degrees.Among them,the first cutting green before winter had no significant change,and the second cutting green in winter and spring and the first cutting green in spring delayed the flowering period by 8～9 d,and the maturity was delayed by 9～11 d;Cutting green treatment reduced the plant height,ear length,basal stem diameter,basal internode length and intemode length under the ear of regenerated plants,which had little effect on the first cutting before winter,but had a great effect on the second cutting in winter and spring and the first cutting in spring.The flag leaf width and flag leaf area were different in barley/wheat varieties.Compared with the control(without cutting green),the flag leaf width and flag leaf area in wheat varieties were decreased to varying degrees,while the flag leaf area in barley varieties was increased to varying degrees.Compared with the control,the dry matter weight and the total weight of shoot organs of each variety decreased to varying degrees from regeneration to maturity,but the proportion of dry matter distribution to ears of plants increased at maturity,and the proportion of the dry weight of ears in above-ground biomass increased.6.Cutting green before winter had little effect on the grain yield and yield components of regenerated plants,and the yield was reduced by 0.61%～10.32%(in addition to Yangmai 25);The second green cutting in winter and spring and the first green cutting in spring significantly reduced the number of ears,the number of grains per ear,the thousand-grain weight and the grain yield of the regenerated plants,and had a greater impact on the yield,reducing the yield by 23.84%～34.75%and 30.81%～48.19%,respectively.Cutting green in different periods increased the planting benefit of barley/wheat.The net benefit of cutting green before winter,cutting green twice in winter and spring and cutting green once in spring increased by 72.67～3013.61 yuan/hm2,1939.72～7774.90 yuan/hm2 and 3161.37～8742.19 yuan/hm2 respectively.7.Cutting green treatment increased the content of protein,starch,iron and zinc in the grains of regenerated plants,the bulk density,flour yield and sedimentation value of the grains increased,and the manganese content in the grains decreased.The protein content and total starch content in the grains of regenerated plants after cutting green in different periods showed that the first cutting green treatment in spring>the second cutting green treatment in winter and spring>the first cutting green treatment before winter>the control.The increase of protein content was mainly due to the increase of gliadin and glutenin content.The increase of total starch content was mainly due to the increase of amylopectin content,which was significantly increased by twice cutting in winter and spring and once cutting in spring,cutting green treatment affected the solvent retention and gelatinization characteristics of flour to a certain extent,increased the thinning value of flour,decreased the final viscosity and rebound value,and increased the SRC values of other three solvents except for water SRC.8.On the whole,the quality of wheat seedlings cut green before winter was better,and the quality of wheat seedlings cut green for the second time in spring and the first time in spring was less different,and the quality was obviously lower than that of the first time in winter.The nutrition and health care quality of wheat seedlings was better than that of barley seedlings on the whole.Comprehensive wheat seedling quality and economic performance,among barley varieties,Yangnongpi 10 performed better in the treatments of one green cutting before winter,two green cutting in winter and spring,and one green cutting in spring,and the net benefits increased by 3013.61 yuan/hm2,7774.90 yuan/hm2 and 8742.19 yuan/hm2 respectively.Among wheat varieties,Yangmai 23 performed better when cutting green before winter;Ningmai 13 performed better after twice cutting in winter and spring.Yangmai 25 performed better when cutting green once in spring.In the production,the goal was to stabilize the yield and increase the efficiency of barley/wheat,and the green can be cut once before winter,which not only had the income from wheat seedling processing but also had little impact on the yield.Individual varieties had strong regeneration ability and yield increase effect,and the overall income will be improved;If the goal was to improve the economic benefits,the green can be cut twice in winter and spring or once in spring,and the overall income was higher. |
