Whole-genome Resequencing Reveals The Chinese Wild Grape Population Evolution And Adantive Radition

China is the one of Vitis origins.There are abundant wild grape germplasm resources,and it is has a great significance to improve breeds.However,the phylogenetic relationships within Chinese wild Vitis populations is still complicated.The problem is a barrier of Vitis breeding.Recently,the whole genome sequence and chloroplast genome sequence have been high-throughput and highprecision.So,we took full advantage of the genomics to explore the Chinese wild Vitis group structure,population history and sex-determination basis,compare the chloroplast genomes,and provided extra support by clustering analysis,molecular clock.The main results was listed as follow:(1)Population structure analysis:the results of admixture,phylogentic tree,PCA,and genetic diversity analysing indicated 28 Chinese wild grape subspecies was devided into 5 groups based on phylogenetic tree and geographical distribution.Owing to the habitats of I group were overlapped with the others,introgression was common toIgroup.The genetic background of sourth populations including Ⅱ,Ⅲ groups were different from north populations(contain IV,V groups).(2)Population history analysis:the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent(PSMC)results draw that the 5 Chinese wild grapes groups including 65 samples were stem from neogene period,23 million years ago(Mya)～2.58 Mya.And most of wild grapes effective population size was declined with fluctuation by climate of glacial/interglacial period(7.3 Mya～1.28 Mya).(3)Selective sweep gained 123 genes related on sex determination.The candidate region 4.7～5.0 Mb on chromosome 2 was also mentioned.The enriched GeneOntology(GO)terms mainly contain cellular macromolecule catabolic and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.The enriched pathways was related to the metabolism of acetyl-CoA.(4)These chloroplast genomes ranged from 160,838 to 232,020 bp in size and exhibited typical quadripartite structures.The number of genes in chloroplast genomes was 127～177.Comparative analyses revealed that inverted repeat(IR)regions are especially abundant and contribute to cp genome arrangements.The phylogenetic tree constructed on chloroplast genomes could prove the genus Vitis is typically divided into two subgenera:subgenus Muscadinia Planch and subgenus Euvitis Planch.Grape subgenus can be conacted to centers of origin.The divergent time estimated by molecular clock illustrated the earliest split subspecies was V.pseudoreticulata.The corresponding divergence time was in 4.3487 Mya.Typically,the differentiation of V.yunnanensis and V.amurensis was in Pleistocene,1.1835 Mya.Owing to strong cold resistance,V.amurensis was spreaded all over China.In contrast,V.yunnanensis distribution range was only Yunnan and Guizhou due to its weak cold resistance.