From "Logical Unity" To "Practice Unity": Marx’s Philosophical Thinking Reform

Epistemology is one of the core issues of philosophy,behind which hides the secret of the relationship between thinking and being.Engels once said: "The major basic problem of all philosophy,especially modern philosophy,is the problem of the relationship between thinking and being." The relationship between thinking and being,a long-standing philosophical problem,also followed the Renaissance,the Reformation,and the ideology.Enlightenment and the rise of modern science appeared in the theoretical vision of modern philosophy.For the problem of the relationship between thinking and being,this article will mainly analyze from three stages.First,pre-Kantian philosophy started with ancient Greek philosophy.Ancient Greek philosophy is mainly divided into two parts-early natural philosophy and metaphysics.Early natural philosophers mainly focused on the study of the "world origin" problem.They attribute the objective natural matter to the origin of the world,and regard thinking as merely the knowledge of being.While metaphysics focuses on the study of philosophical concepts such as being,and the problem of the relationship between thinking and being gradually emerges.After ancient Greek philosophy made a distinction between thinking and being,that is,the relationship between experience and reason,in the Middle Ages,due to the influence of Christianity at that time,philosophy began to serve religion.Medieval philosophers tried to use rational thinking to prove the being of God.In this period,philosophy seems more to be understood as theological theory.Faith is the most important,and philosophical theory serves faith.The connotation of philosophy has changed from ancient Greece’s pursuit of the origin of the world to the use of logic to prove the being of God.Philosophy continued to develop into modern times.Thanks to the development of movable type printing,ancient Greek philosophy became popular in Europe.Modern philosophy was influenced by realistic factors and humanistic thoughts,and gradually formed a philosophical thought with rationalism as the main body.Modern European philosophers uphold the principles of skepticism and rationalism,criticizing the process of knowledge generation,and forming two different "epistemology" differences of empiricism and rationalism.Empiricists believe that perceptual experience is the source of knowledge,and knowledge is obtained through induction;theoreticalists emphasize the abstract role of reason,the being of innate knowledge,and the construction of a knowledge system through deductive reasoning.In the end,both went to extremes and developed into absolute skepticism and dogmatism philosophy.The divergence between the two shows that the logical contradiction between thinking and being in the process of understanding needs to be resolved urgently.With the further development of society,German classical philosophy has stepped onto the stage of history.As a representative of German classical philosophy,Kant put forward the proposition of "how can a priori comprehensive judgment be possible" in order to avoid the threat of skepticism to knowledge.Kant’s philosophy is an epistemological "Copernician" philosophical revolution.He divided philosophy into theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy: theoretical philosophy mainly studies ontological issues,while practical philosophy focuses on social morality.Kant enables thinking and being to be unified in the transcendental world.After Kant,Hegel tried to unify thinking and being with the self-movement of absolute spirit,and reached the peak of idealism to solve the relationship between thinking and being.On the basis of the critical inheritance of Feuerbach and Hegel’s theories,Marx exposed the one-sided errors of the old materialism and idealism in combination with specific social and historical practices,and achieved a double transcendence over the old materialism and idealism.On the basis of this,the philosophical thinking reform was realized by the way of thinking of practical viewpoint.Marx’s understanding of the relationship between thinking and being surpassed the previous Western philosophy.Through the grasp of "object,reality and sensibility",he completed the unity of the relationship between thinking and being in a practical sense.Therefore,this change in philosophical thinking is still very meaningful today.Marx’s thought has not faded,and it still has fresh vitality and strong adaptability.