| The removal of officials is a punitive measure for rulers to punish crimes,regulate the behavior of officials,and improve the order of political management.The removal of officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty was to remove the criminal officials from their current positions,and the removed official positions were mainly official officials.In the form of official removal,there are two types of official removal,namely "official removal" and "official removal".In addition,it also includes the form of "exempt from being an official".It can be divided into three periods according to the degree of Xianbei sinicization and the stable development of the regime.The period from Daowu to xianwendi was the early period of Northern Wei Dynasty.The Northern Wei state was in the binary administrative system of Hu Han,and the system of exemption was deeply influenced by the political tradition of the north,and the distinction between the families of the people who were removed from the official was emphasized;In the period of Emperor Xiaowen,the Northern Wei Dynasty entered a rapid and stable development stage in the middle period,and the rank of officials began to be paid attention to;In the period of emperor Xiaoming,especially after Zhengguang,the imperial power was controlled by the powerful officials,and the centralization of power was gradually weakened.The Northern Wei Dynasty entered the decline period of the end of the period,and the removal of officials emphasized the significance of identification in the political order,while the meaning of punishment was weakened.With the development of the political form of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the system of removing officials changed with the times.In the system of exempting officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty,the exemptors had different identities,which could be divided into four groups according to their political identities: royal family,Dai Ren Xun GUI,Shi Zu and en Cong.The system of exempting officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty was influenced by the hierarchy of families.The identity differences of the exemptors were not only reflected in the identity differences of different groups,but also in the different ranks of officials of the same group.The types of exempting officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty can be divided into three types according to the nature of the crime: exempting officials for making mistakes and being accountable;The second is to exempt officials from the category of criminal interrogation;In addition to the cases of accountability for mistakes and criminal interrogation,other cases of dismissal.The trial of the cases of removing officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty followed certain procedures.After the officials made mistakes and committed crimes,they were impeached by the censor first,and then they were examined by the imperial edict.When there is doubt,he will be sent back to the emperor for retrial.If there is death penalty,he will be reported to the emperor for decision.Innocent convicted officials may appeal for retrial.In addition to impeachment by the censor and punishment by Tingwei,Honglu temple should be paid to deprive the officials of their titles.In the Northern Wei Dynasty,the system of exempting officials was inherited from the Jin Dynasty,which also followed the procedure of stylization.Under the regular system,the rank of officials was demoted and restored after three years of dismissal.In special cases,the time limit and rank of the removal of officials are not changed according to the regular system.The author of the motion is different from the other way.One is the imperial edict with the emperor’s initiative;One is to take the initiative of officials.As a punishment criterion,the system of exempting officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty not only brought the decline of material living standards,mental torture,psychological gap and other effects to the exemptors,but also brought the influence of happiness and disaster to the families of the exemptors.As far as the people of that time were concerned,the removal of officials was not a punishment or preferential treatment,but a disgrace that affected the future generations.It was not only a loss of honor,but also a reluctance to mention it.In addition,the system of removing officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty also had a certain impact on the later system construction. |
