| Compared with the 1990 s,the world socialist movement has passed its most difficult moment.Since the 21 st century,the world socialist movement has seen frequent hot spots,especially the socialism with Chinese characteristics has made remarkable achievements in the process of modernization.In order to continue to open up a new realm of socialist development,it is necessary for us to pay attention to the socialist movements which have existed in history but have withdrawn from the stage of history.Therefore,this paper explores the origin,development and failure of socialism in Tanzania from the historical materialism.The first part of this paper summarizes the early spread of Marxism in Africa.Early Marxism spread to the African continent through colonialism and the influence of urban intellectuals.In this process,the Communist International,especially the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,played an important role.However,the mainstream trend of thought on the African continent during this period was Pan-Africanism,and Marxism only played a role as an element of Pan-Africanism.After the independence of most African countries,Marxism gradually became the mainstream ideology of the African continent.Although President Nyerere of Tanzania declared to regard Marxism as an alien ideology,there is obviously an influence of Marxism in the socialist practice of Tanzania.Then it elaborates the theoretical origin of the Ujama movement,which mainly includes four aspects,namely Marxist communist thought,pan-Africanism thought,African traditional village communism thought,bourgeois democracy and reformism thought.The second part of the article,based on the perspective of historical materialism,examines the history and present situation of Tanzania from the aspects of historical dimension,economic condition,class condition and ideological form,and demonstrates why Tanzania chooses village socialism from the perspective of backward countries crossing "Kafuddin Gorge".The self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy in the history of Tanzania and village,a legacy of colonialism and independent on the eve of the less developed social and economic conditions,not mature class status,uncivilized thought-form behind,and the influence of the world socialist movement,the Tanzania over capitalism "caudine forks",enter the socialist stage with African indigenous implications.The third part describes the practical course of Tanzania’s socialist exploration.First of all,the author analyzes the opportunity of the implementation of the Ujama movement,and analyzes the conditions of carrying out the Ujama movement from the aspects of political basis,subjective conditions and practical basis.The second stage is the comprehensive development of the Ujama Movement,covering political construction,economic reform,education,agriculture,finance and other aspects.The last part is the setback and adjustment stage of the Ujama Movement,which describes the adjustment and reform of the Ujama Movement faced with setbacks in Tanzania since the middle period of Nyerere’s administration,the late period of Nyerere’s administration and Mweni’s coming to power.The one-party system gave way to the multi-party system,and the abolition of socialism by neoliberalism also marked the end of Tanzania’s socialist road.The fourth part analyzes the experience and lessons of the Ujama Movement from the perspective of historical materialism.The main lessons of Ujama’s socialism failure include,failing to grasp the objective law of productive forces and production relations,fully developing productive forces and solving the problem of poverty;Fail to control the relationship between subjective consciousness and objective existence;Failed to attach importance to the thought of class struggle and so on.On the other hand,Ujama’s socialism has a certain positive significance in the aspects of historical view,implementation of public welfare,promotion of social justice,and promotion of human liberation. |
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