Research On Juren In Shaanxi In The Ming Dynasty

Juren was a significant part of Chinese social structure and had an important influence on social governance during the Ming and Qing dynasties.The number of Juren in the region could reflect the competitiveness of the local imperial examination,the level of culture and education to some extent.Shaanxi held 90 provincial examinations in the Ming Dynasty.According to textual research,there were 6,133 Shaanxi Juren of Ming Dynasty.Among them,there were 5,724 in each government and Zhili state,and 409 in weisuo.Based on the Shaanxi Juren list obtained from the textual research,this article focuses on the number of Jinshi,time-space distribution characteristics and causes of Juren,and the contribution of Juren to social development.This paper takes Shaanxi Juren of Ming Dynasty as the research object,excluding Juren who took provincial examinations in other areas.Juren who took provincial examinations in other areas no matter whether their nationality had changed or not.Because they took provincial examinations in other areas.If they were included in the shaanxi,they could not reflect the local actual provincial examination level.Although Tongguan-wei was not under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commission,but it was stationed in shaanxi.Tongguan-wei students were educated in shaanxi and took provincial examinations in xi'an government.Therefore,Tongguan-wei Juren should belong to Shaanxi.If Juren who took provincial examinations in other areas were admitted to Jinshi.,this kind of Jinshi also beyond to the scope of this article.Therefore,when counting the number of Shaanxi Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty,this kind of Jinshi is not counted.In addition,it is necessary to exclude special Jinshi in the 15th year of Chongzhen.In terms of time,the number of Shaanxi Juren changed over time in the Ming Dynasty.We can divide 90 provincial examinations into three periods:early,middle and late,so as to analyze the changes of proportion of the number of Juren in each government,Zhili state and Wei of shaanxi to the total number of Shaanxi Juren of Ming dynasty.According to the author's research,the trend of rise and fall in different regions of shaanxi in the Ming dynasty was different.Among them,the number of Juren in Xi'an government had accounted for more than half of the total number of Shaanxi Juren in the three periods of time and it was on the rise.Speaking of space,the geographical distribution of the number of Juren in different regions of Shaanxi in the Ming Dynasty was not balanced.Among them,Juren was concentrated in Xi'an.Generally speaking,there were many Juren in the southeast and very few in the northwest.The formation of this characteristic of temporal and spatial distribution was the result of the comprehensive effect of social and educational conditions,local political status,population and economic strength,etc.According to statistics,there were 1,014 Shaanxi Jinshi of Ming Dynasty,accounting for 16.53%of the total number of Juren.Most Juren who did not pass the Jinshi examination chosen to be bureaucrats,and a few did not.The author collected a total of 3586 Juren' bureaucrat information,which did not pass the examination of Jinshi.When analyzing the position information of Juren,their final appointment is the statistical criterion.The bureaucrat characteristics of Shaanxi Juren in the Ming Dynasty were mainly reflected in three aspects.First,the bureaucrat positions was various and concentrated.Shaanxi Juren of Ming Dynasty held a total of 121 bureaucrat positions.,but they were mainly local bureaucrats,accounting for 90.30%of the total number of Shaanxi Juren who served as bureaucrats.Second,the number of county magistrate and academic bureaucrats was large,of which county magistrate accounted for 35.16%of the total number of Shaanxi Juren who served as bureaucrats,and academic bureaucrats accounted for 13.16%of the total number of Shaanxi Juren who served as bureaucrats.Third,rank distribution was unbalanced,among which the number of low-rank bureaucrats accounted for the majority,while the number of high-rank bureaucrats was very small.Among them,there were a total of 2202 bureaucrats who were Zhengqipin or Congqipin,as well as bureaucrats who did not enter the class accounting for 61.41%of the total number of Shaanxi Juren who served as bureaucrats.Shaanxi Juren of Ming Dynasty had certain contributions to the social development.Politically,they cared about the public,enforced the law strictly and stabilized the area.When it comes to culture and education,they taught people,set up schools and wrote books.There were also some Juren who were praised by the world for their filial piety,which had set a good example for the development of local social atmosphere.