| Character review mainly refers to the evaluation and appreciation of one’s virtue,ability,appearance,temperament etc.Character review was proposed by Confucianists in pre-Qin period and flourished in the Six dynasties.In the historical process of the social turmoil and the collapse of Confucian belief,character review had experienced the evolution process from the political criticism in the late Han dynasty to the character criticism in the period of Wei and then to the aesthetic character review in Jin dynasties.Its essence is the scholar’s rethinking and rediscovering to the ideal character and ideal state of person.Along with the awakening of people,character review had evolved from a single Confucian ethical and moral standard to an aesthetic character appreciation with talent as the theme and a method of the appreciation of the spirit.The aesthetic ideal and aesthetic taste of the people at that time were condensed in the words used and created in the process of character review.“Shen”“Qing”“Jian”and“Yuan” were the representative aesthetic categories formed in the development process.The aesthetic categories under the influence of character review in Wei and Jin dynasties is studied in the article.This paper includes three chapters:In the first chapter,the time evolution and the feature of character review is summarized,focusing on(1)the historical status and significance of Guo Tai and Xu Shao’s character review in the late Eastern Han Dynasty;(2)The genius and personality view created by Liu Shao’s Jen Wu chih and its influence on the method and thought of Jin’s aesthetic character review.The key for categories move to aesthetics of literature and art from character review,is that literature and art are the embody of individual talent,and the same categories used to review characters can also be used to review poetries.In the second chapter,taking “Shen”“Qing”“Jian”and“Yuan” for example,adopting the view of human theme,from outer appearance and demeanor,the inner personality temperament of scholars,the amount of knowledge and other aspects,we separately summarize the use of categories and combination categories in character review.In the period of Wei and Jin dynasties,the ultimate target of ideal personality was “Shen”,for instance,“Shen” was regarded as the reproduction of demeanour,temperament and spirit of both the painting works and their authors in figure painting theory;while as in the field of calligraphy theory,“Shen” focused on the expression of “Fengshen” in the calligraphy works.“Shen”“Qing”“Jian”and“Yuan” were aesthetic metaphysical tastes under the influence of Taoist Theory.The consciousness of “Qing”,which essentially affected way of life of scholars in Han-Wei and Six dynasties,was a kind of fresh and natural virtue similar to “Dao”.The influence of personality temperament and talent tendency of Ji Kang and Lu Yun on literary style was highlighted by “Qingjun” “Qingsheng”;among metaphysics in Wei and Jin dynasties,under the academic background that whether words can express one’s idea,“Jian”,as a part of literary theory,was represented as the virtue of a concise style writing;“Yuan” was established on space-time distance,formed the psychological distance between aesthetic subject and utilitarian reality in literary and artistic aesthetics,presented the beauty of detachment,and clearly reflected in the metaphysical realm of Ruan Ji and his poems and works.In the third chapter,we summarize the evolution of “Shen” “Qing”“Jian”and“Yuan” after Wei and Jin dynasties,concentrate on their acceptance and deepening in the aesthetics of Tang and Song Dynasties,especially focus on“Chuanshen” by Su Shi,“Qingkong” by Zhang Yan,“simple but with law” by Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi’s and Huang Tingjian’s view of “Yuanyun”,we discuss the integration and intercommunication of categories in many artistic fields from two aspects of creative expression and theoretical summary,which proves that category was becoming more mature. |
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