| To investigate avian species diversity in airfield clearance zone is a basic work to comprehensively understand avian situation in airport and surrounding areas.Understanding of avian species diversity and migratory patterns during migration period can provide the theoretical basis for solving the problem of frequent bird-strikes at airport.In this study,Changsha Huanghua International Airport and Yueyang Sanhe Airport were selected as research sites.From mid-April 2020 to late March 2022,thirteen line transect with a total length of 44.5km and 47.7km respectively were set up in the clearance area of Changsha Huanghua International Airport and Yueyang Sanhe Airport.Species diversity and spatial distribution of migratory birds during migration in spring and autumn were surveyed by line transect method,meanwhile,satellite tracking technology was used to collect some migration data of migratory birds for preliminary analysis of the regularity of migration time and flight height at two airports.At present,this study is the first case to try studying on species diversity and migration patterns of migratory birds during bird migration periods in the civil airport system of Hunan Province.The main results are listed as follows:(1)A total of 104 species of migratory birds in 13 orders,36 families were recorded in these two airports,among which 85 species of migratory birds were recorded in Changsha Huanghua International Airport and 84 species in Yueyang Sanhe Airport.Among them,winter migratory birds accounted for the highest proportion and palaearctic species dominated the migratory birds’ fauna and there were 13 species of birds which belong to the second class state key protected wild animals.Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica,as the new bird recording species in Hunan Province,was recorded at Huanghua Airport during this investigation.There were 2 and 3 dominant species in Huanghua airport and Sanhe Airport,respectively.The most of migratory birds were undel 0.2/hm2 of relative density,as this value,more migratory birds were in Sanhe Airport than in Huanghua Airport.Thirty three migratory birds of widely distributing type were found two airports,of which 4 species in Huanghua airport and 6 species in Sanhe Airport are of most important values.The U test showed that quantity of migratory birds was significant difference in February(W=625.5,P=0.0436<0.05)and in May(W=858,P=0.0290<0.05),and was extremely significantly different in March(W=1740.5,P=0.0028<0.01)and in April(W=771.5,P=0.0008<0.01)between two airports during spring migration period;And there was an extremely significant difference in August(W=355,P=0.0020<0.01),and a significant difference in September(W=1496,P=0.0328<0.05)between two airports during autumn migration period.(2)The shannon-Wiener diversity index(H)and Pielou evenness index(J)of these two airports were above 3.4 and 0.6,respectively.T test analysis of H’ index(t=-0.75397,df=10.722,P=0.4671>0.05)and J index(t=-0.37828,df=11.594,P=0.7121>0.05)of migratory birds in different months showed that there was no significant difference between two airports.The results of U test showed that H’ index(W=14,P=0.754)and J index(W=16,P=0.4647)had no significant difference among different habitats between airports.Habitats with high similarity were shrub and farmland,farmland and water area,shrub and forest between airports.According to One-Way ANOVA,the difference among habitats at Huanghua Airport was extremely significant(F**=45.13>F0.01(4,35)=13.79,P<0.01)based on the number of migratory birds,species,similarly,at Sanhe Airport,the difference among habitats was also extremely significant(F**=19.86>F0.01(4,35)=13.79,P<0.01)based on the number of migratory birds’ species.(3)Based on field observation and visiting records,a preliminary analysis of the distribution of migratory birds’ groups by order at the time nodes of arrival or transit airports shows that,at Huanghua Airport,the first migration peak of spring migration period was in early March,and the second peak was in mid-April.At Yueyang Airport,however,late March was the first peak for spring migration,and late April was the second peak.On the contrary,at Sanhe Airport,early September became the first peak of autumn migration,and early November became the second peak.At Huanghua Airport,the first peak of autumn migration period was in mid-September,and the second peak was in mid-November.In addition,it showed that the second peak of migration in spring and autumn was the most active at two airports.(4)Flight height of migratory birds in the process of migration was obviously higher than that in the daily flight state,and the daily flight height was classified from high to low by families are as follows:Anatidae>Accipitridae>Ardeidae>Charadriidae and Scolopacidae.The process of migration Flight height was classified from high to low by families are as follows:Accipitridae>Anatidae>Charadriidae and Scolopacidae>Ardeidae.In the end,combining with current airport prevention capacity and migratory flight and daily flight height of migratory birds,the flight altitude of migratory birds’ group was divided into five types,namely,super upper air type(heigh>200 m),upper air type(100 m<Height≤200 m),medium air type(50 m<Heigh ≤ 100 m),low air type(10 m<Height≤50 m),super low air type(0 m<Height ≤ 10 m).Finally,the results of this study showed that the similarity of species diversity of migratory birds was high at airports along same migratory belt due to migration habits and activity patterns of different migratory birds,and relative geographical location of airports;by the same token,convergence and variation of species diversity of migratory birds during different migration seasons;there were a interval of more than 10 days among spring and autumn migration peaks;flight height of migratory birds varied obviously due to species and flight states.It was suggested that airports should take targeted measures to prevent bird-strikes caused by migratory birds. |
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