| Cattle and goat breeding is an important part of animal husbandry.For the past years,as the country has developed,the people’s living standards have generally improved,beef,mutton,milk and other products have been favored by the masses,consumer demand has been showing a sustained growth trend.This exuberant demand has greatly promoted the rapid development of cattle and goat farming,however,it is embarrassing that many cattle and goat farms,professional households there has been a shortage of forage phenomenon.Distiller’s grains are rich in protein,vitamins and minerals.They are cheap,palatable and easy to obtain.Distiller’s grains have rapidly become a new favorite forage in cattle and goat breeding.Long-term or sudden feeding in large quantities may cause discomfort to cattle and goat,lead to disturbance of rumen environment,abnormality of rumen fermentation function,and then affect the health of cattle and goat,and induce diseases such as inflammation of rumen mucosa and its underlying tissues,and alcoholism.In this experiment,65% and 75% distiller’s grains were added to diets to study the effects of distiller’s grains on rumen fermentation,microbial flora and inflammatory response of rumen mucosa in goats.The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the safe use of distiller’s grains in cattle and goat breeding.The experimental animals were 15 Chongqing Rongchang local goats,aged 3months,half male and half female,weight(14.16 ± 1.3kg)and condition were similar.The goat were randomly divided into 3 groups,5 in each group.In the control group,65%and 75% of distiller’s grains were fed to the control group,respectively.The energy and protein levels of the feed were designed according to the Feeding Standard for Mutton Goat(NY/T816-2004).Each goat is fed daily at 9: 00 and 18: 00,with a separate penthouse,semi-leaky floor,and free water.Preliminary test period 14 days,formal test period 90 days.During the regular vaccination,deworming,environmental disinfection.The rumen fluids were collected before and after the experiment,and the p H,VFA,LPS,HIS,microbial flora and inflammatory genes were determined by mass spectrometry,ELISA,high-throughput sequencing and fluorescence quantitative PCR,and the data were statistically analyzed.Results showed:(1)After the experiment,the p H value of rumen fluid of 65% and 75% white distiller’s grains added goats was remarkablely lower than that of the control goats(P<0.05),and long-term feeding had the risk of causing rumen acidosis;The content of total VFA,acetic acid,butyric acid and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid of 75%white distiller’s grains added goats were significantly lower than that of the control goats(P<0.05),the content of propionic acid,isobutyric acid,isovaleric acid and valeric acid had no significant change(P>0.05),and the fermentation function of rumen of goats could be reduced to some extent by adding 65% and 75% white distiller’s grains.(2)Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were still dominant in rumen microbes of goats fed65%(LM)and 75%(LH)distiller’s grains,accounting for more than 90% of the total phylum,and Prevotella was the most abundant family and genus.The above fungi were not affected by the amount of distiller’s grains(P>0.05);However,the abundance of Prevotella increased with the increase of white distiller’s grains,suggesting that feeding a large amount of white distiller’s grains may cause gastrointestinal inflammation and diseases.The prediction of 16 S r DNA function mainly focuses on metabolism,genetic information processing,cell process and environmental processing.The main functions of metabolism are carbohydrate metabolism,amino acid metabolism,coenzyme and vitamin metabolism,terpenoid metabolism and polyketone metabolism.The main functions of genetic information processing are replication and repair,translation,folding,sequencing and degradation.The main functions of cell processes are cell motility,cell growth and death.The main functions of environmental information processing are membrane transport and signal transduction.Among them,heterogeneous substances degradation LC>LH(P<0.05),glycine synthesis and metabolism LC<LH(P<0.05),cell motility LC<LM(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the control group,the gene abundance of rumen microbes in 65%and 75% distiller’s grains supplemental groups increased,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05).Species abundance analysis showed that feeding 65% and 75%distiller’s grains did not change the dominant species of rumen bacteria,archaea and fungi(P>0.05).However,feeding white distiller’s grains significantly reduced Caudovirales(P<0.05).The metabolic function of 65% and 75% distiller’s grains supplemental groups was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05),the genetic information processing function of 75% distiller’s grains supplemental group was significantly higher than that of 65% distiller’s grains supplemental group and control group(P<0.05),glucoside hydrolase in 65% and 75% distiller’s grains supplemental groups was remarkablely lower than that in control group(P<0.05),presumably affecting oligosaccharide degradation.With the increase of distiller’s grains supplemental level,rumen microflora structure and digestion and metabolism function of goats may be affected.(4)When goats were fed 65% and 75% distiller’s grains,the concentrations of histamine and LPS in rumen fluid increased significantly(P<0.01),and the relative expression levels of inflammatory genes p65,COX2 and VCAM1 m RNA in rumen were significantly increased(P<0.01),causing rumen inflammatory reaction.In conclusion,supplementation of 65% and 75% distiller’s grains can significantly reduce rumen p H value,supplementation of 65% and 75% distiller’s grains can significantly reduce rumen fermentation function,supplementation of 65% and 75%distiller’s grains can significantly decrease glucoside hydrolase,indicating that addition of distiller’s grains can degrade rumen digestion function.With the increase of white distiller’s grains feeding,the number of prevotella in rumen microflora showed an increasing trend,and the increase of prevotella could induce the expression of inflammatory factors in gastrointestinal tract,and then cause inflammation.65% and 75%white distiller’s grains supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of HIS and LPS in rumen fluid of goats,and significantly increased the m RNA expressions of COX2,p65 and VCAM1 genes in rumen tissue.It was preliminarily demonstrated that feeding with white distiller’s grains supplementation increased the concentrations of histamine and lipolysaccharide and other inflammatory factors in rumen fluid of goats.The up-regulated expression of COX2,p65 and VCAM1 genes in rumen tissue causes the mechanism of rumen inflammation. |
