Analysis Of Tree Species Composition And Diversity In Parks In Changchun City

In order to master the composition and configuration characteristics of tree species in Changchun parks,the structure of tree communities in urban parks in different ages and the characteristics of landscape,understand the change law of urban garden tree communities,and provide basis for the scientific selection and configuration of garden trees in Changchun parks.From March to July 2021,924 sample plots were arranged in 19 parks in Changchun for field investigation.The investigation results show that there are 163 species and 81805 trees and shrubs in 19 parks in Changchun,belonging to 28 families and 69 genera.There are 40420 arbor species,belonging to 110 species,belonging to 23 families,46 genera,among which Rosaceae is the largest species,with 8 genera and 22 species,accounting for 20.00% of the total species,followed by Salicaceae,Pinaceae,Ulmaceae and Aceraceae.Among the trees,there are 21 species of conifers,belonging to 3 families and 8 genera,accounting for 19.91% of the total species.The dominant species are Picea koraiensis,Pinus sylvestris,Pinus tabulaeformis,etc.There are 89 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees,belonging to 20 families and 38 genera,accounting for 80.09% of the total species.The dominant tree species are Salix babylonica,Populus alba,padus racemosa,etc.The relative frequency of tree species ranked in the top ten in order: Pinus tabulaeformis var.tabulaeformis 29.1%,Picea koraiensis 21.92%,Ulmus pumila 19.23%,Phellodendron amurense 17.69%,Armeniaca sibirica 17.44%,Acer 16.15%,Salix matsudana 15.77%,aurum Folium euonymos 14.1%,Pinus sylvestris 13.21% and Prunus 12.31%.The results of cluster analysis using the important value of families showed that the dominant family was Pinaceae,with an important value of 33.10%,which was related to the long winter and lack of green in Northeast China,and people preferred conifers that were evergreen all the year round.Rosaceae and Salicaceae were the secondary dominant families,with important values of 17.60% and 16.87%.Pinus is the dominant genus,with an important value of 17.64%,while Salix,Ulmus,Picea,Acer,poplar and plum are the secondary dominant genera,with important values of 7.42%,9.45%,8.10%,8.10%,7.42% and 6.63% respectively.According to the results of cluster analysis on the importance value of species,Pinus tabulaeformis has an absolute advantage,the importance value is as high as 9.88%,and it is also a dominant tree species or a second best tree species in the park in each period;The secondary dominant species are Picea koraiensis,Phellodendron amurense,Armeniaca sibirica,Ulmus pumila,Pinus sylvestris,Salix mandshurica,Euonymus davidiana,Larix olgensis,Prunus tomentosa and Populus cathayana,with important values of 6.57%,5.22%,5.07%,5.25%,4.58%,4.30%,3.82%,3.55%,3.53%,3.40% and 3.26% respectively.There are 63 species and 41386 shrubs,belonging to 12 families and 31 genera.Among them,Rosaceae is the most widely distributed and has the largest number of species,with a total of 11 genera and 25 species,accounting for 39.68% of the total species.Caprifoliace and Oleaceae contain 4 genera and 11 species and 3 genera and 10 species,respectively,accounting for 17.46% and 15.87% of the total species.The top ten shrubs in terms of relative frequency are: syringamicrophyla(22.74%),Viburnum macrocephalum(8.79%),Ulmus pumila L CV ’Jinye’(7.44%),Spiraea thunbergii BL(6.73%),lilac(4.89%),ligustrumquihoui(4.73%),Viburnum macrocephalum(4.55%),Acer ginnala(3).7% and Amygdalus triloba 3.05%.From the source of tree species,there are 121 native tree species and 66666 trees,accounting for 73.33% of the total number of tree species and 81.49% of the total number of trees,occupying an absolute dominant position;There are 30 species of12388 trees from other regions in China,accounting for 18.18% of the total number of trees and 15.14% of the total number of trees,mainly including piceameyeri,Populus alba var.pyramidalis,Pinus tabulaeformis,Xanthoceras sorbifolium,Fraxinus chinensis,Catalpa ovata,Ginkgo biloba,Juniperus chinensis Picea Wilson,Salix vitellina’pendula aurea’,etc.There are 14 species of trees from abroad,2751 trees in total,accounting for 8.48% of the total number of trees and 3.36% of the total number of trees.They are Prunus cerasifera f.atropurpurea,Malus’ american’,Malus’ royalty’,Malus’ radial’,Pinus banksiana,Prunus virginiana,Rhus typhina Acer negundo,Acer platanoides,Acer rubrum ’red maple’,Robinia pseudoacacia,Robinia pseudoacacia cv.idaho,Sabina pingii var.Wilson,Juniperus virginiana.The park built before 1949 in Changchun City has a total of 73 species belonging to 39 genera and 20 families of garden trees,of which 9 species are unique,including Populus girinensis,Euonymus alatus,juniper,Populus alba,Salix matsudana f.tortuosa,Pterocarya stenoptera,Sabina chinensis,Hemiptelea davidii and Maackia amurensis.The dominant species are Pinus tabulaeformis,with an important value of 15.12%,and the secondary dominant species are Salix,Salix babylonica,Phellodendron amurense,Picea koraiensis,Ulmus pumila,Acer ginnala and Larix olgensis,with an important value of 8.52%,6.73%,6.59%,6.05%,5.60%,5.14% and 4.43% respectively.From1950 s to 1970 s,Changchun built a park with 17 families,30 genera and 68 species of garden trees,including 3 species of unique tree species,namely Populus davidiana,lilac and Salix matsudana f.umbraculifera.The dominant species is Populus pseudo simonii,with an important value of 14.21%,and the secondary dominant species are Pinus tabulaeformis,Pinus sylvestris,Xinjiang poplar,Populus alba and Larix olgensis,with an important value of 6.44%,8.10%,7.45%,6.3% and 6.11% respectively.There are 18 families,38 genera and 70 species of garden trees in Changchun City from 1980 s to 2000.There are 6 species of unique tree species,including hawthorn,Elaeagnus angustifolia,weeping poplar,Ulmus davidiana,Ulmus macrocarpa and Alnus sibirica.Populus Alba was the absolute dominant species,with an important value of 17.18%;The secondary dominant species were weeping willow,Pinus tabulaeformis,Pinus sylvestris,Prunus armeniaca and Amygdalus persica,with important values of 8.49%,7.64%,6.76%,5.25% and 4.17% respectively.Since 2000,Changchun has built a park with 62 species belonging to 33 genera and 17 families of garden trees,including 6unique species,namely,P.canadensis,sorbusdiscolor,Alnus japonica,Russian Red Leaf plum,Pinus sylvestris and North American Begonia.Pyrus ussuriensis was the absolute dominant species,with an important value of 8.43%;The secondary dominant species are Armeniaca sibirica,Larix olgensis,Pinus tabulaeformis,Salix mandshurica,Acer negundo,Acer pictum,Ulmus pumila and Quercus mongolica,with important values of 5.94%,4.38%,4.20%,4.13%,3.87%,3.85%,3.14% and 3.05% respectively.The order of margalet richness index of garden tree species in Changchun City in different periods is as follows: 1980s-2000(8.21)> 1950s-70s(7.13)> before 1949(6.24)> after 2000(5.24);The Shannon Wiener diversity index ranks as follows:1980s-2000(4.16)> 1950s-70s(3.37)> before 1949(2.90)> after 2000(2.65);Pielou evenness index is after 2000(1.09)> 1950s-1970s(0.83)> before 1949(0.75)>1980s-2000(0.67).Among the garden trees in Changchun parks,the number of trees with DBH of 10cm-15 cm is the largest,accounting for 37.46% of the total,mainly including Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica,Prunus tomentosa,Populus sylvestris,Fraxinus mandshurica and Sorbus.The number of trees with height less than 5 m was the most,accounting for46.24% of the total number of trees;They are mainly thick plum,Euonymus japonicus,sugar maple,Royal Begonia and Sorbus.The number of trees with a crown width of 1-4m is the largest,accounting for 62.18%.The tree species mainly include Eupatorium adenophorum,purple leaf thick plum,golden leaf elm,thick plum and peach leaf Euonymus.The trees in Changchun parks grow well in general.60.10% of the total trees are healthy,and 18.79% are relatively healthy.It is found that the following tree species have strong adaptability and high ornamental value and can be used as the preferred tree species for park greening in Changchun: conifers mainly include Pinus tabulaeformis,Picea koraiensis,Pinus sylvestris,Pinus mongolica,Pinus koraiensis,Picea lanceolata,etc;Broad leaved trees mainly include Phellodendron amurense,Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica,Tilia amurensis,Amur pseudoacacia,Cercis chinensis,weeping willow,Salix mandshurica,silver poplar,Prunus armeniaca,Prunus tomentosa,Betula platyphylla,etc;Shrubs mainly include Ulmus pumila,Eupatorium adenophorum,Sorbaria sorbifolia,Syringa oblongata,Forsythia suspensa,Rosa roxburghii,golden ribbon,etc.There are five basic types of tree communities in Changchun park.The following communities have stable structure,obvious seasonal changes and distinct regional characteristics,which can be used as a reference in the future garden tree configuration: single coniferous tree communities of Picea koraiensis,Pinus sylvestris,Abies mongolica,Abies odorifera and Pinus tabulaeformis;Coniferous mixed tree communities of Picea koraiensis,Pinus sylvestris,Abies mongolica,Abies odorifera and Pinus tabulaeformis;Silver poplar,Salix mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,apricot,Ulmus pumila,thick plum,white birch,compound leaf maple,Mongolian oak,Tilia amurensis,Fraxinus mandshurica,Schizonepeta tenuifolia,Acer contortus and Eupatorium adenophorum;Ulmus pumila single broad-leaved tree community;Broad-leaved mixed tree communities of Populus Yinzhong,Salix mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Armeniaca sibirica,Ulmus pumila,Acer pseudoacacia,Acer Acer negundo,Acer multifolia,Quercus mongolica,Ulmus pumila,Tilia amurensis,Fraxinus mandshurica,Vitex negundo,Acer contortus and Eupatorium adenophorum;Pinus tabulaeformis,Picea koraiensis,Larix olgensis,Pinus sylvestris,Abies fir,Abies odorifera,Pinus tabulaeformis;Mixed tree communities of Salix mandshurica,Ulmus pumila,Syringa mongolica,Quercus mongolica,Acer Acer,Sophora japonica and apricot.