| Baobaoling Site and Longwanling Site are located on the left bank of the Han River at Sunjiawan,Zhengjiahe Village,Qingqu Town,Yunyang District,Shiyan City,Hubei Province,about 9 kilometers away from Xuetang Liangzi Site,where the skull fossils of Yunxian hominin were unearthed.In July 2021,the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the two sites.The excavation area of Baobaoling site was 196 ㎡.The Longwanling site was divided into two sites for excavation.The second site was divided into two areas.The excavation area of Area A was 400 ㎡,and the excavation area of Area B was 100 ㎡.Area B was located in the northeast of Area A,40 m away from Area A.There are 341 lithic artefacts unearthed from Baobaoling site,including cores,flakes,hammers,scrapers,choppers,hand-axe-like tools,points and broken pieces,fragments,and pebbles,including 112 pieces from layer(2)and 229 pieces from layer(3);The second site of Longwanling site unearthed 625 lithic artefacts,including cores,flakes,hammers,scrapers,choppers,hand-axes,hand-picks,tool fragments and broken blocks,fragments,and pebbles,of which 415 were unearthed in Area A(all from the third layer)and 210 were unearthed in Area B(all from the second layer).The types of lithic artefacts in the two sites are mainly fragments and fragments,fault blocks and other by-products,and pebbles moved into the site,followed by flakes and cores.The number of tools is very small,mainly large and medium-sized pebble tools.The raw materials of lithic artefacts are mainly quartz veins,followed by siliceous rocks,and other diorite,sandstone,andesite,etc.also account for a certain proportion.There are two kinds of repair systems for unearthed tools,one is the operation chain system of small stone tools with quartz vein as raw material,and the other is the operation chain system of large pebble tools such as hand axe and chopper with siliceous rock and diorite as raw material.The two systems are independent of each other.The second site of Longwanling site is higher in the complexity and regularity of lithic artefacts than that of Baobaoling site.Through the analysis of the raw material development and utilization strategy of the earth-rock products from the two sites,it can be seen that at this time,the ancient people had a clear understanding of different kinds of stones,and developed different utilization strategies according to the characteristics of different stones,and were able to make large tools and small tools with stones of different properties.The stone core and flakes of the two sites do not have the prefabricated behavior of table top and peeling surface.There are generally no special requirements for the selection of table top.Most of them are natural surfaces,and some are joint surfaces and plain tables.No repair of table top is found.There are three kinds of peeling-off processes that can be observed,namely hammering,smashing and anvil method,and there is also the possibility of falling and bumping.The peeling sequence of most cores is less,the number of scar layers is not many,the peeling procedure is relatively simple,and no fixed pattern has been formed yet.However,at the second site of the Longwanling site,there were two pieces of Khombeva core with high consistency in the stripping procedure,which may indicate that a new stripping procedure different from the existing procedure was produced in this period.The overall repair technology of the tools at the two sites is relatively simple,mainly the hard hammer hammering process,and the repair scars are mostly deep and continuous.Based on the chronological data,by comparing the stone industry appearance of Baobaoling site and Longwanling site with the Paleolithic sites and sites located on different terraces in Yunxian basin,it is concluded that in Yunxian basin,the historical change of the stone industry appearance from the fourth terrace to the second terrace is that the lithic artefacts gradually develop towards miniaturization;By comparing Baobaoling site and Longwanling site with other Paleolithic sites and sites located in the third terrace of the Hanshui basin,it is concluded that there are certain synchronic differences in the stone industry in the Hanshui basin,and the evolution of the stone industry has regional characteristics.In the past,the number of sites and sites that have undergone continuous stratigraphic dating on the third terrace of the Hanshui River Basin is very small,and there is no more specific and in-depth study on the formation age of different strata.The dating results of this site can provide a reliable reference for the study of other sites in the region. |
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