Research On Baojuan Published By Institutions That Printed And Sold Morality Books During The Late Qing Dynasty

The nature of folk literature determines that the version of the Baojuan is mainly based on the manuscript,but in the history of the development of the Baojuan,there are constantly printed copies,and the printed Baojuan usually shows a different circulation and acceptance than the manuscript Baojuan.With the intensification of the social crisis in the late Qing Dynasty and the deepening of the campaign of exhortation,the scope of the book expanded and became a collection of moral literature,and the Baojuan was also included.Various morality Books printing and sales institutions have included Baojuan into their own engraving scope,and have engraved Baojuan with strong religious and persuasive flavors,forming a situation of twin peaks and confrontations with the owners of modern private printing bureaus printing a large number of entertaining secular stories.The engraving of Baojuan by the printing and sales institutions of the Republic of China in the late Qing Dynasty is not only an important content in the study of printed Baojuan,but also marks the change of the function,circulation mode and influence of the Baojuan,which is of decisive significance to the study of the changes of modern Baojuan.The main body of the paper is divided into the following four parts:Chapter 1 "Overview of the Engraving of Baojuan by morality Books Printing and Selling Institutions" : The concepts of morality Books and morality Books printing and sales institutions involved are defined: morality Books use the broad concept of morality Books,that is,all books with the purpose of "exhorting goodness" can be called morality Books;Rare book printing and sales organizations are divided into full-time good book printing and sales organizations and part-time morality Books printing and sales organizations according to the different times and functions of their establishment.On this basis,the overview of engraving and engraving Baojuan of morality Books printing and sales institutions is briefly introduced.Chapter 2 "Engraving of Baojuan of morality Books Printing and Sales Institutions in Wu Language District" and Chapter 3 "Engraving of Baojuan of Religion and Advice Outside Wu Language District" : From a microscopic perspective,some of the Baojuan engraved by the five major morality Books shops,the two major Jing fangs and other morality Books engraving subjects outside the Wu Language District are carefully investigated,and on the basis of sorting out the time and content of their engraving Baojuan,it is clear that the Baojuan engraved by the special engraving body of the morality Books Printing and Sales Organization have common characteristics: religious nature,and strong meaning of persuasion and education.Chapter 4 "The Motivation and Significance of Printing and Selling Institutions to Engrave Baojuan" : On the basis of grasping the characteristics of the engraving of Baojuan by morality Books Printing and Sales Organizations,the motives for these institutions to engrave Baojuan are obtained: first,they were deeply influenced by the campaign of persuasion that was in full swing at that time;The second is to serve the needs of the people at that time such as persuasion,blessing and religious belief.These characteristics of the Baojuan also had a profound impact on the development of the morality Books and the Baojuan respectively,and the supplementary publications appended to the Baojuan also showed high documentary value.In short,the printing and sales institutions of the Republic of China in the late Qing Dynasty regarded the Baojuan as morality Books and included them in the scope of the publication of morality Books,and most of the Baojuan they engraved were particularly educational,among which there were also a lot of missionary works of the Protestant Order since the Qing Daoguang,and the squires,the wealthy industrial and commercial class and the people of the Order were the main driving force behind them.Rare book printing and sales institutions mostly adopt the circulation methods of collecting subsidized periodicals,selling at low prices or even distributing them free of charge,and spread them throughout urban and rural areas with the help of modern and developed postal transportation means.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,the Republic of China morality Books Printing and Sales Organization vigorously printed Baojuan,which broke the functional combination of faith education,entertainment and harmony in civil society since the Qing Dynasty,and brought some treasure scrolls to the development track of morality Books,which had a profound impact on the changes of modern Baojuan.